Gender Inequalities in Malawi Essay - 1448 Words

Many developing countries experience significant issues that help shape their culture and government. Malawi is a country that has experienced many difficult trials throughout her upbringing that has given her a unique civilization. Such tribulations can be seen in the countries issues that arise with women. Although Malawi has progressed immensely over the decades, one could argue that the country is still developing because of the on-going problem dealing with gender inequalities towards women, such as in the workplace, home, and in society as a whole. Malawi adopted her own Constitution is 1994, which established many laws for the country to abide by. (â€Å"Gender Equality†) Similar to the United States of America, Malawi set the†¦show more content†¦Most employers will not even hire a woman, but the ones who do hire women discriminate within that group of women. To be interviewed, a woman is usually between the ages of twenty-five to thirty-four and married with a family. These categories the women are put in rarely have divorced women without children as well. The majority of jobs these women get hired for are in the personal and social service, so they are very low paying careers. (Kakhongwe 6) Therefore, low numbers of women are getting hired to these minimum wage jobs, and the employer discriminates against the women applying for the jobs. Although there have been large numbers of women hired to these jobs, the employer pays them less than the male, which is far below minimum wage. Also, the educational requirements for the women tend to be higher than they are for the men in the same occupations, which is very discriminatory. (Green) Not only are the women discriminated against, but they are often times sexually abused by the men or bosses in the workplace. Some of these women have no honest men in their lives that they can turn to and trust: â€Å"These women also face abuse (including rape) by the police. Although legal measures exist in society that protect women and girls from some forms of violence, the existing discriminatory legal system often leaves women without adequate judicial recourse† (â€Å"The Situation†). As a result of these sexual abuses coming from several men,Show MoreRelatedThe Epidemic Of Tuberculosis, Kenya, Uganda And The Democratic Republic Of The Congo1665 Words   |  7 PagesSolis A and Martinez G, 2006). This essay will explore stigmatisation in relation to gender, HIV/AIDS and Traditional beliefs and how this imposes on poor TB control. Many findings illustrate that TB patients face stigma related issues which often hinder effective TB control. Gender Somma et al (2008) carried out a multi-cultural epidemiological study. This study was carried out in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Colombia. Approximately 100 patients from each country were interviewed. This studyRead MoreThe Trends in Depressive Disorders in Malawi from 1990 tO 20101761 Words   |  8 PagesPublic Health Interventions on mental health service delivery in Malawi There have been a strong advocacy by the mental health practitioners to strengthen the elements of public health such as public health intelligence, interventions and infrastructure in addressing mental health services during international conferences (11). This has led to the Ministry of Health in Malawi to plan for the interventions dealing with the disease prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of the patients once theyRead MoreNegative Effects Of Hiv Related Social Services940 Words   |  4 Pagesprovided, corruption of services, and improper education given to distributors and recipients of the HIV related social service. One significant study that reports on negative effects of social services for people living with HIV was conducted in Malawi. The author chose to qualitatively analyze the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa by talking to the people of the region (Myroniuk, 2011). A unique aspect of this research is that it focuses on Malawians that have received higher levels of educationRead MoreThe Effects of HIV Related Stigma841 Words   |  3 PagesThis is, arguably, the most pervasive barrier that impedes access to fair and effective health services as well as food and treatment by deepening inequalities at all other levels involved in this study. Stigma refers to attitudes or beliefs about what is socially unacceptable expressed through discriminatory, or unjust, behaviors that produce feelings of shame and self-stigmatization (MANET+ 2012; AVERT; Pebody 2012). This causes social exclusion and it can undermine the success of community-basedRead MoreDeveloping A New Generation Of Empowered An d Informed Individuals2392 Words   |  10 PagesEducation is an incredibly important resource to help create a new generation of empowered and informed individuals, which can lead to improvements in overcoming inequality or poverty. Without receiving education, children are being excluded from opportunities to better their future and current situation, which is especially critical for impoverished families or marginalized groups. However, the current education system throughout most of the continent seems to exclude the people who need it theRead MoreRole of Gender in Industrial and Post Industrial1955 Words   |  8 PagesVISION MALAWI P O BOX 692 LILONGWE MALAWI STUDENT NO : 35890347 MODULE : GROUP DYNAMICS MODULE NO : SOC 306B SEMESTER : 00 ASSIGNMENT NO : 02 Table of Contents Assignment Questions iii A. ROLE OF GENDER AND EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRIAL AND POST INDUSTRIAL 1 SOCIETIES IN RELATION TO POWER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 GENDER DEFINED 1 3.0 ASPECTS OF GENDER 2 4.0 GENDER AND POWER RELATIONS 2 4.1 Patriarchy System 2 4.2 Biological aspect 3 5.0 INEQUALITIES IN EMPLOYMENTRead MoreThe Problem Of Gender Inequality1041 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunity to have an education due to the lack of belief in the value of education for women in. In addition to that, women have certain regulations and laws to abide by regarding legal and political rights. Furthermore, there is the problem of gender inequality in the workplace for women as they face discrimination. Women face injustice to be considered equal to men in third world countries. The majority of girls who aren’t in school in developing countries face social or family barriers. Women canRead MoreRoles Of The Private Sector And Partnerships1499 Words   |  6 Pagesaware of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 13% have began implementing new practices. Dyborn Chibonga is the CEO of NAFSAM and part of the Malawi Government agriculture cluster for the World Trade Organization (WTO). Mr. Chibonga identified inefficient farming as one of the driving forces behind Malawian poverty. Climate change in Malawi has a particularly strong influence on the productivity of farming, as open fields and poor infrastructure expose crops to floods and diseases. A centralRead More An Overview of Aging and Existing Cultural Differences Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagescommon in countries like Japan to find extended families with up to three generations living together’ (AFS, 2000). Also in many societies death does not usually occur during adulthood, but rather during old age. ‘Though in countries like Zimbabwe and Malawi individuals do not get to live a long adulthood since the life expectancy is thirty-eight years’ (Rosenberg, 2000). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Old age is the last stage of life itself, beginning in about the mid-sixties. This final phase of theRead MoreAn Overview of Aging and Existing Cultural Differences1477 Words   |  6 Pagesin countries like Japan to find extended families with up to three generations living together (AFS, 2000). Also in many societies death does not usually occur during adulthood, but rather during old age. ‘Though in countries like Zimbabwe and Malawi individuals do not get to live a long adulthood since the life expectancy is thirty-eight years (Rosenberg, 2000). Old age is the last stage of life itself, beginning in about the mid-sixties. This final phase of the life course differs in an important

The Ancient Maya Essay - 940 Words

The Maya of Mesoamerica, along with the Aztecs of Mexico and the Incas of Peru, made up the high civilizations of the American Indians at the time of the Spanish conquest. Both the Aztecs and the Incas were late civilizations, between 1300-1533 AD, but the Maya of the Yucatan and Guatemala exhibited a cultural continuity spanning more than 2,000 years, 1000 BC-AD 1542. Many aspects of this culture continue yet today. The Ancient Maya in their time had actually refined writing. They had an extensive written language, which was both phonetic as well as ideographic. One of only five independently created writing systems in human history. Maya words were in hieroglyphs, each picture with its own meaning. Unlike other ancient†¦show more content†¦The gods were modeled after animals for sacrificial purposes and religious ceremonies. The ancient Maya had many beliefs. They had possessed an in depth understanding of astronomy, engineering, and mathematics. The Maya believed that the Sun, Moon, and other planets, had been journeys of the gods. The Mayan priests studied their measurement of time. The Maya had a calendar with 18 months each containing 20 days, plus 5 unlucky days that made up the Mayan year. They also had a religious calendar that had 260 days in it. Each day was given a name and a number. They believed that each day was a god that carried the weight of the day on its back. The Mayan civilization in all stages has been based on agriculture. Indian corn or maize was domesticated from a wild grass in central Mexico about 7,000 years ago and sustained most sedentary Indian civilizations from that time. In the humid areas, a surplus of water and rapid growth of trees and vines encouraged the slash-and-burn farming method. The farmer cleared the cornfield by cutting bushes and girdling the trees, usually near the end of the rainy season, allowing the piled brush to dry under the hot sun of the dry season. It is known that the Mayas enjoyed chocolate. They had it in many forms from a frothy drink to a pulpy mush. The Mayas referred to chocolate as quot;The Drink of the Gods.quot; They had other food such as cornmeal, maize, blackShow MoreRelatedAncient Maya Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Maya Essay Matthew Pitcher Mrs Meligrana Ancient Civilizations June 8th, 2011 Pitcher1 The Ancient Mayan civilization stands out from other ancient civilizations and is great because of its outstanding achievements and developments. The Mayans are still known to this day for their exceptional architecture, medical discoveries, astronomy, and military tactics which were very successful. In this essay I will explain what the Mayans have achieved to make themselvesRead MoreAncient Maya Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Maya The ancient Maya were a group of American Indian peoples who lived in Southern Mexico. Their descendants, the modern Maya,live in the same regions today. 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He shares his ideas concerning Mayan overpopulation, warfare, competition between nobles, and an ideological decline but does not claim toRead MoreAncient Mayan Script Of The Maya1282 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Mayan Script The Maya hieroglyphic writing is perhaps one of the most complex writing systems in the world. This writing system contains over hundreds of rare signs or glyphs in the form of humans, animals, and objects. Many of these signs contained either logograms or syllabograms to write words, sentences, and phrases. Logograms were to used express the meaning and syllabograms to denote sound values. The Mayan’s were able to write anything that they can say. They were able to turn whateverRead MoreMaya And The Ancient Civilizations1283 Words   |  6 PagesTo this day, historians still discuss when exactly the Maya civilizations started but the most commonly accepted date is 1800 BCE in the Soconusco Region. Unlike other Mesoamerican civilizations, Maya was not confined to one area of land but rather stretched out over Central America. To historians today, the Maya civilization reached its peak during the Classic Period between AD 250 and 900. At its peak, the Maya population was over 2,000,000 people. Excavations of Mayan cities have uncovered plazasRead MoreThe Ancient Empires Are The Maya, Aztec And Inca1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe three ancient empires are the Maya, Aztec and Inca. Indigenous had no resistance to smallpox and measles. Mulattos have mixed African and Iberian ancestry. Mestizos are people with mixed ancestry, specifically Amerindian and Spanish ancestry. Indigenous traditions, European-derived music, and African-inspired musical activity make up the music of Central America, South America, and Mexico. African influence is evident in African secular and religious practices, in instruments modeled after AfricanRead MoreAncient Maya Religious Practices and Beliefs Essays1267 Words   |  6 PagesAlmost every aspect of Maya life was centered on religion. These ancient Mesoamerican peoples worshipped many gods and goddesses; this was part of their daily lives, despite class differences in their sophisticated society. Religion served as a basis for the government and social life. Priests and shamans played an important role in their government, conducted religious ceremonies, and made sacrifices to the gods. The Maya believed in the supernatural, and used this belief to explain life andRead MoreThe Ancient Native Empires of the Inca, Maya, and the Aztecs559 Words   |  2 Pages I am going to read about three ancient native empires. They are called the Inca, Maya, and the Aztecs. They were all ancient and well known empires. 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Maya culture was at its highest, massive temples were lined up in exactness with the night skyRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Mayan Civilizations733 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferent types of civilizations. Three major ones are the Aztec, Maya, and Inca . These different civilizations play a very important role in history today. The Maya empire was highly skilled at building and architecture. They also were the only empire in mesoamerica to develop a complete writing system. The Maya were also highly skilled at agriculture and farming. The Maya were by far the most advanced and smart civilization. The Maya empire was very precise and exact when it came to architecture

Different Issues About Sex Education Education Essay Free Essays

Introduction Sexual activity instruction is perchance one of the most talked-about subjects presents, particularly among concerned citizens and the authorities. Sexual activity is a natural thing for all of us and it is merely right for the research workers every bit good as the readers to cognize and larn more about it. But the inquiry is, is it right for sex instruction to be taught in primary schools? This research paper tackles the different issues about sex instruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Issues About Sex Education Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It contains the pros and cons of learning sex instruction in primary schools. Opinions from different sides such as instructors in primary and secondary schools are considered. With such divisions, the reader can come close their ain comprehension of the subject and therefore lend ways to help the primary pupils sing this affair. In this research paper, the research workers would wish to demo the readers the importance of instructors ‘ perceptual experience on learning sex instruction in primary schools. The research workers are convinced that this paper will be of great value to pupils and instructors. Conceptual Model Sexual activity Education Teachers Secondary Primary Percept Statement of the Problem The survey aimed to happen out the instructors ‘ position on learning sex instruction in primary schools. What is the general profile of the respondents in footings of: Age Civil Status Gender Capable instruction What are the instructors ‘ positions of learning sex instruction in primary schools? What are the issues/concerns of instructors in the instruction of sex instruction primary schools? Is there a important difference on how the instructors view the instruction of sex instruction when compared by primary and secondary schools? Hypothesis There is no important difference between the positions of the instructors from primary and secondary schools. Premises of the Study The research workers assume that the questionnaires distributed to the respondents are answered candidly and truthfully, and that all informations that will be gathered is dependable to the survey. The research workers besides assume that the personal values may impact the respondent ‘s reaction to the inquiries given and personal experiences may act upon the response to the inquiry. Research Locale The survey will be conducted in Southville International School and Colleges located at 1281 Tropical Ave. cor. Luxembourg St. , BF International, Las Pinas City, Philippines. The school will be the focal point of the survey because it is more convenient to the research workers, it has a large population and it is suited for the survey. Significance of the survey Parents: They will be guided on doing the determination of allowing their kids analyze sex instruction in the school where their kids are analyzing. Students: They will hold an thought about what they can acquire from larning sex instruction. They will be cognizant that the really bosom of this issue is for their hereafter. Scope and Restrictions: The research focused on the perceptual experiences of the instructors towards learning sex instruction in primary schools. The respondents are the instructors in primary and secondary degree of school twelvemonth 2010-2011, from Southville International School and Colleges. Definition of Footings Curricula- are the classs offered by an educational establishment. It is besides a set of classs representing an country of specialisation. Mandatory- can besides be mandatory the instruction of sex instruction is obligatory. Optional- the instruction of sex instruction for immature people is non mandatory. Perception- is a consequence of perceiving, observation, a mental image, or construct. Primary school- includes classs one to six. Secondary school- a school normally including old ages 7 to 10. Sexuality- is an look of sexual receptiveness or involvement particularly when inordinate. Sexual activity wise- it is a 12 portion series which discussed sex instruction, household life instruction, contraceptive method, household life instruction, contraceptive method and parenting. Sexual activity Education- is an instruction about human sexual anatomy, reproduction, and intercourse and other human sexual behavior. Young people- are besides referred to as adolescents or kids ages between to 10 to 12. Review of Related Literature Sexual activity Education It is sometimes called gender instruction or sex and relationships instruction, is the procedure of geting information and forming attitudes and beliefs about sex, sexual individuality, relationships and familiarity. Sexual activity instruction is besides about developing immature people ‘s accomplishments so that they make informed picks about their behaviour, and experience confident and competent about moving on these picks. It is widely accepted that immature people have a right to arouse instruction. This is because it is a agency by which they are helped to protect themselves against maltreatment, development, unintended gestations, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV and AIDS. It is besides argued that supplying sex instruction helps to run into immature people ‘s rights to information about affairs that affect them, their right to hold their demands met and to assist them bask their gender and the relationships that they form. It aims to cut down the hazards of potentially negative results from sexual behaviour, such as unwanted or unplanned gestations and infection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. It besides aims to lend to immature people ‘s positive experience of their gender by heightening the quality of their relationships and their ability to do informed determinations over their life-time. Sexual activity instruction that works, by which we mean that it is effectual is sex instruction that contributes to both these purposes therefore assisting immature people to be safe and bask their gender. ( http: //www.avert.org/sex-education.htm, 2010 ) Beliefs Young people can be exposed to a broad scope of attitudes and beliefs in relation to sex and gender. These sometimes appear contradictory and confusing. For illustration, some wellness messages emphasize the hazards and dangers associated with sexual activity and some media coverage promotes the thought that being sexually active makes a individual more attractive and mature. Because sex and gender are sensitive topics, immature people and sex pedagogues can hold strong positions on what attitudes people should keep, and what moral model should regulate people ‘s behavior – these excessively can sometimes look to be at odds. Young people are really interested in the moral and cultural models that bind sex and gender. They frequently welcome chances to speak about issues where people have strong positions, like abortion, sex before matrimony, sapphic and cheery issues and contraceptive method and birth control. It is of import to retrieve that speaking in a balanced manne r about differences in sentiment does non advance one set of positions over another, or intend that one agrees with a peculiar position. Part of researching and understanding cultural, spiritual and moral positions is happening out that you can hold to differ. Effective sex instruction besides provides immature people with an chance to research the grounds why people have sex, and to believe about how it involves emotions, regard for one ego and other people and their feelings, determinations and organic structures. Young people should hold the opportunity to research gender differences and how ethnicity and gender can act upon people ‘s feelings and options. They should be able to make up one’s mind for themselves what the positive qualities of relationships are. It is of import that they understand how intimidation, pigeonholing, maltreatment and development can negatively act upon relationships. . ( As besides stated at the web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/sex-education.htm, 2010 ) Sexual activity instruction worldwide Africa Sexual activity instruction in Africa has focused on stemming the turning AIDS epidemic. Most authoritiess in the part have established AIDS instruction plans in partnership with the World Health Organization and international NGOs. These plans were undercut significantly by the Global Gag Rule, an enterprise put in topographic point by President Reagan, suspended by President Clinton, and re-instated by President Bush. The Global Gag Rule â€Å" †¦ required nongovernmental organisations to hold as a status of their reception of Federal financess that such organisations would neither execute nor actively promote abortion as a method of household planning in other states. † The Global Gag Rule was once more suspended as one of the first official Acts of the Apostless by United States President Barack Obama. The incidences of new HIV transmittals in Uganda decreased dramatically when Clinton supported a comprehensive sex instruction attack ( including information about cont raceptive method and abortion ) . Harmonizing to Ugandan AIDS militants, the Global Gag Rule undermined community attempts to cut down HIV prevalence and HIV transmittal. Europe Suomi In Filand, sexual instruction is normally incorporated into assorted obligatory classs, chiefly as portion of biological science lessons ( in lower classs ) and subsequently in a class related to general wellness issues. The Population and Family Welfare Federation provide all 15-year-olds an introductory sexual bundle that includes an information booklet, a rubber and a sketch love narrative. England and Wales In England and Wales, sex instruction is non mandatory in schools as parents can decline to allow their kids take portion in the lessons. The course of study focuses on the generative system, foetal development, and the physical and emotional alterations of adolescence, while information about contraceptive method and safe sex is discretional and treatment about relationships is frequently neglected. Britain has one of the highest adolescent gestation rates in Europe and sex instruction is a het issue in authorities and media studies. In a 2000 survey by the University of Brighton, many 14 to 15 twelvemonth olds reported letdown with the content of sex instruction lessons and felt that deficiency of confidentiality prevents adolescents from inquiring instructors about contraceptive method. France In France, sex instruction has been portion of school course of study since 1973. Schools are expected to supply 30 to 40 hours of sex instruction, and base on balls out rubbers, to pupils in classs eight and nine. In January 2000, the Gallic authorities launched an information run on contraceptive method with Television and wireless musca volitanss and the distribution of five million cusps on contraceptive method to high school pupils. Germany In Germany, sex instruction has been portion of school course of study since 1970. Since 1992 sex instruction is by jurisprudence a governmental responsibility. It usually covers all topics refering the growing-up procedure, organic structure alterations during pubescence, emotions, the biological procedure of reproduction, sexual activity, partnership, homosexualism, unwanted gestations and the complications of abortion, the dangers of sexual force, kid maltreatment, and sex-transmitted diseases, but sometimes besides things like sex places. Most schools offer classs on the right use of contraceptive method. A sex study by the World Health Organization refering the wonts of European adolescents in 2006 revealed that German adolescents care about contraceptive method. The birth rate among 15- to 19-year-olds was really low – merely 11.7 per 1000 population, compared to the UK ‘s 27.8 births per 1,000 population, and-in first place-Bulgaria ‘s 39.0 births per 1,000. Poland In the Western point of position, sex instruction in Poland has ne’er really developed. At the clip of the People ‘s Republic of Poland, since 1973, it was one of the school topics ; nevertheless, it was comparatively hapless and did non accomplish any existent success. After 1989, it practically vanished from the school life – it is presently an sole topic ( called wychowanie do A?ycia w rodzinie/family life instruction instead than edukacja seksualna/sex instruction ) in several schools their parents must give consent to the schoolmasters so their kids may go to. It has much due to the strong expostulation against sex instruction of the Catholic Church ; the most influential establishment in Poland. It has, nevertheless, been changed and since September 2009 sex instruction will go an obligatory topic in the figure of 14 per school twelvemonth – unless parents do non desire their kids to be taught. Objecting parents will hold to compose particular dissensions. North America United States About all U.S. pupils receive some signifier of sex instruction at least one time between classs 7 and 12 ; many schools begin turn toing some subjects every bit early as classs 5 or 6. However, what pupils learn varies widely, because course of study determinations are so decentralised. Many provinces have Torahs regulating what is taught in sex instruction categories or leting parents to choose out. Some province Torahs leave course of study determinations to single school territories. Two chief signifiers of sex instruction are taught in American schools: comprehensive and abstinence-only. Comprehensive sex instruction covers abstinence as a positive pick, but besides teaches about contraceptive method and turning away of STIs when sexually active. A 2002 survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 58 % of secondary school principals describe their sex instruction course of study as comprehensive. Abstinence-only sex instruction tells adolescents that they should be sexually abstentious until matrimony and does non supply information about contraceptive method. In the Kaiser survey, 34 % of high-school principals said their school ‘s chief message was abstinence-only. The difference between these two attacks, and their impact on adolescent behaviour, remains a controversial topic. In the U.S. , teenage birth rates had been dropping since 1991, but a 2007 study showed a 3 % addition from 2005 to 2006. From 1991 to 2005, the per centum of teens describing that they had of all time had sex or were presently sexually active showed little diminutions. However, the U.S. still has the highest adolescent birth rate and one of the highest rates of STIs among teens in the industrialised universe. Public sentiment polls conducted over the old ages have found that the huge bulk of Americans favour broader sex instruction plans over those that teach merely abstinence, although abstention pedagogues late published canvass informations with the opposite decision. On the other manus, advocates of abstinence-only sex instruction object to curricula that fail to learn their criterion of moral behaviour ; they maintain that a morality based on sex merely within the bounds of matrimony is â€Å" healthy and constructive † and that value-free cognition of the organic structure may take to immoral, unhealthy, and harmful patterns. Within the last decennary, the federal authorities has encouraged abstinence-only instruction by maneuvering over a billion dollars to such plans. Some 25 provinces now decline the support so that they can go on to learn comprehensive sex instruction. Funding for one of the federal authorities ‘s two chief abstinency-only support plans, Title V, was extended merely until December 31, 2007 ; Congress is debating whether to go on it past that day of the month. The impact of the rise in abstinence-only instruction remains a inquiry. To day of the month, no published surveies of abstinence-only plans have found consistent and important plan effects on detaining the oncoming of intercourse. In 2007, a survey ordered by the U.S. Congress found that in-between school pupils who took portion in abstinence-only sex instruction plans were merely every bit likely to hold sex ( and utilize contraceptive method ) in their teenage old ages as those who did non. Abstinence-only advocators claimed that the survey was flawed because it was excessively narrow and began when abstinence-only course of study were in their babyhood, and that other surveies have demonstrated positive effects. Harmonizing to a 2007 study, Teen pregnancies in the United States showed 3 % addition in the adolescent birth rate from 2005 to 2006, to about 42 births per 1,000. Virginia Virginia uses the sex instruction plan called, The National Campaign to forestall adolescent and unplanned gestation. The National Campaign was created in 1996. The plan focuses on forestalling adolescent and unplanned gestations of immature grownups. The National run set a end to cut down adolescent gestation rate by 1/3 in 10 old ages. The Virginia Department of Health ranked Virginia 19th in adolescent gestation birth rates in 1996. Virginia was besides rated 35.2 adolescent births per 1000 misss aged 15-19 in 2006. The Healthy people 2010 end is a adolescent gestation rate at or below 43 gestations per 1000 females age 15-17. Asia The province of sex instruction plans in Asia is at assorted phases of development. Indonesia, Mongolia, South Korea have a systematic policy model for learning about sex within schools. Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have assessed adolescent generative wellness demands with a position to developing adolescent-specific preparation, messages and stuffs. India has plans aimed at kids aged nine to sixteen old ages. In India, there is a immense argument on the course of study of sex instruction and whether it should be increased. Attempts by province authoritiess to present sex instruction as a mandatory portion of the course of study have frequently been met with rough unfavorable judgment by political parties, who claim that sex instruction â€Å" is against Indian civilization † and would misdirect kids. ( Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan have no coordinated sex instruction plans. ) In Japan, sex instruction is compulsory from age 10 or 11, chiefly covering biological subjects such as menses and interjection. In China and Sri Lanka, sex instruction traditionally consists of reading the reproduction subdivision of biological science text editions. In Sri Lanka they teach the kids when they are 17-18 old ages. However, in 2000 a new five-year undertaking was introduced by the China Family Planning Association to â€Å" advance generative wellness instruction among Chinese adolescents and single young person † in 12 urban territories and three counties. This included treatment about sex within human relationships every bit good as gestation and HIV bar. The International Planned Parenthood Federation and the BBC World Service ran a 12-part series known as Sexwise, which discussed sex instruction, household life instruction, contraceptive method and parenting. It was foremost launched in South Asia and so extended worldwide. Acrimonious Argument over Sexual activity Education in the Philippines The educational faculty â€Å" Adolescent Sexual Health, † though non yet released to all high schools in the Philippines, has already drawn heavy unfavorable judgment from the Roman Catholic Church, pro-life militants, and some parents. â€Å" The manner it is being taught deficiencies the fear, the polish that the capable affair demands, † said Jo Imbong, legal officer of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines. Deciding when to learn kids about sex should be left to their parents, he said. But Professor Corazon Raymundo, manager of the University of the Philippines ‘ Population Institute ( UPPI ) , said sex instruction in schools is necessary because it is non in the state ‘s civilization for parents to discourse sex with their kids. The instruction section, which presented the faculty as a response to the state ‘s flourishing population growing, emphasized it is non a sex manual but instead a instruction usher covering with household planning, generative wellness, and the dangers of early and pre-marital sex. Harmonizing to a UPPI study, 23 per centum of Filipinos ages 15-24 engaged in pre-marital sex in 2002, up from 18 per centum in 1994. The prevalence of bad sexual behaviours among striplings rose from 20 per centum in 1994 to 27 per centum in 2002. Further, this age group now accounts for 17 per centum of all induced abortions in the state. â€Å" It ‘s high clip that the ignorance of striplings be addressed in a manner that will let them to do an informed pick, † said Solita Monsod, former economic planning secretary. Now, nevertheless, instruction functionaries have responded to the unfavorable judgment by retreating the faculty â€Å" for farther communications among stakeholders. † Before it is returned to schools, some subdivisions will be revised, said Lolita Andrada, the faculty ‘s editor and the manager of the Bureau of Secondary Education. In peculiar, the subdivision on safe sex, which some viewed as a publicity of promiscuousness, will be rewritten, Andrada said. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thebody.com/content/news/art23803.html, 2010 ) Dep.Ed. sued over sex instruction program MANILA, Philippines ( UPDATE ) – The former legal officer of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines on Monday sued the Department of Education for integrating sex instruction in the course of study of simple and high school pupils. In an interview, attorney Jo Aurea Imbong said she filed the instance in behalf of 30 concerned parents who opposed the sex instruction program. She described the sex instruction plan as a signifier of â€Å" prophylactic imperialism † that assaults moral esthesias and values of immature people and really encourages sexual promiscuousness. â€Å" We have examined the faculties being used by DepEd and found that it promotes household planning, generative wellness and demographic development in topics such as Mathematicss, Science and English. It is specifically designed to transform the attitudes, behaviour and societal norms of immature people based on a foreign theoretical account, † she told abs-cbnNEWS.com. Imbong said the category suit aims to halt DepEd from implementing Memorandum No. 26, which integrates sex instruction in the course of study for private and public schools. She said the plan changes the attitudes and values of kids particularly in Christian households. Imbong said sex instruction was already being implemented in the basic instruction course of study 12 old ages ago, and the new DepEd memo merely updates the faculties. She said following the sex instruction program will fast-track moral decay among immature people who are exposed to sex at an early age. â€Å" While wonder is normal for immature people, it is still the primary duty of the parents and households to inform their kids about sex, † she said. She besides noted that the sex instruction plan is having funding from the United Nations Fund for Population Activities ( UNFPA ) . In response, Education Secretary Mona Valisno said the sex instruction plan is still being pilot-tested and that the treatments will concentrate on the scientific discipline of reproduction, physical attention and hygiene, right values and the norms of interpersonal dealingss to avoid prenuptial sex and adolescent gestation. She said the Deped consulted different sectors about the plan including the CBCP and the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas. She said parents who were consulted about the plan were really happy with it particularly since it provides relevant information to kids. She besides questioned why a tribunal instance was filed particularly since the plan does non belie the authorization of DepEd to protect kids ‘s rights to quality instruction. â€Å" Our course of study does n’t speak about rubbers and such. It ‘s merely exposure to the kids to the right information in order for them to do the right determination†¦ Kung hindi natin kailangan, so the new secretary of instruction can alter it, † she told ANC. She said the sex instruction program seeks to conflict the high per centum of indefensible gestations in the state, which is one of the 10 highest in the universe, and prevent dropouts as a consequence of teenage gestations. She said the subjects integrated into the faculties will be scientific and enlightening and are non designed to tickle lubricious involvement. In Science, sex instruction subjects will cover the generative system, parts of the organic structure, generative rhythm, and pubescence. Under Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan ( EPP ) , proper behaviour among and between equals of different genders will be discussed. In Health categories under MAPEH ( Music, Arts, PE and Health ) , personal hygiene and generative wellness will be portion of the lessons. In Heograpiya, Kasaysayan, at Sibika ( HEKASI ) classes, treatment will include the place of faith on prenuptial sex and the norms when people of opposite sex interact.A In Math categories, informations on issues like prenuptial sex, adolescent gestation, and sexually transmitted infections will be used in analyzing mathematical analysis and statistics. ( Dizon, 2010 ) How to cite Different Issues About Sex Education Education Essay, Essay examples

Subcultures in Organization free essay sample

Discuss whether an organization might be better considered as consisting of many sub-cultures which are conceptually different, rather than one major culture. * An introduction Culture, whether in some organization or society, is about people. People play a key role in culture. People create culture.And because people are individual units with different opinions, values, goals, attitudes, wants and needs but at the same time they interact with other people, they share all of these things with others on the base of the communication and they influence each other, so naturally it leads to exchange of their opinions, many confrontation and inflicts. But confrontation and conflicts do not always mean something wrong, it can bring improvement, progress, and change. And likewise, it goes the same in organizations. One person is equal to one opinion in some particular issue.And nobody can say this is a good or bad way or decision. For somebody it is obvious that some manner is the best and for another person it can mean something totally different. We will write a custom essay sample on Subcultures in Organization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More people, more opinions and more points of view. Sometimes it can make more difficulties and another time make things easier. That is why it is not easy and clear to say whether an organization might be better considered as consisting of many sub-cultures which are conceptually different, rather than one major culture. Because we have to take into account all of these things which I mentioned before.In this essay I try to assess all factors related to corporate culture and its sub- cultures and find out pros and cons of one major culture and sub-cultures in the organization. * A central part In the beginning lets have a look at two basic terms which are fundamental in this topic. These are corporate culture and sub-culture. Everybody knows what to imagine under these words. But everybody can imagine something else, each of us perceives corporate culture differently and this is the reason why there exist a lot of definitions of culture. Of course will not write down many definitions here but I would like to mention just one which on my opinion is the most apposite. According to Andrew Brown (1995, 1998) who stated the definition of organizational culture in his book Organizational Culture is the following: Organizational culture refers to the pattern of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organizations history, and which tend to e manifested in its material arrangements and in the behaviors of its members. Simply said, organizational culture is everything what surrounds us at work. Organizational culture influences everything what it happens in a company, companys SUCCeSS and efficiency. When we are taking into account two companies with the same technological equipment, so theoretically they should be equally successful, but they are not. Why? The answer is different corporate culture. Corporate culture can support strategy and companys goals but on the other side it can mean for company obstacles in progress, higher cost and low competitiveness. Every organizational culture can contain many sub-cultures. And sub-culture in organization is the second very important term which want to mention. We can say that sub-culture is natural phenomenon within the company and a subgroup of a larger organizational culture with the unique values and beliefs. Subcultures are caused by a particular employees interests, different levels of management (e. G. Hand worker x manager) different functional areas (people have another scope of employment or solve totally different types of problems or With the same scope of employment but with insufficient cooperation e. Human resources x Informatics) or by large distance within the same organization. In many cases the presence of sub-cultures is desirable for company and positive but the culture in the company has to be dominant and people within the sub-cultures have to follow common goals and values. In other cases it is counter-productive and subcultures deny dominant culture and they can damage the whole company because subcultures can get in to the conflict and complicate integration and coordination within the organization.For dominant culture are typical definite communication within the company, Lear companys goal and values, desirable behavior, uniform attitudes and following quick decision making and planning and increasing motivation and team belonging. The majority of company believes in the core values of organization. But the strong cultures have to deal with some problems as less flexibility, sticking to the past experience; company is not too willing to accept change, isolation from the surrounding environment and information.On the other hand there exist weak co rporate cultures where there are really bad communication among members of company, variety of opinions and values and people do not follow companys core ideas. If the managers do not support meetings, cooperation a communication among employees, sharing information and experience, then people look for their own way how to communicate, solve the problems, make decisions and set up the priorities according to their own values, needs and wants. * A conclusion And back to the question what is betted? One company 1 culture or 1 company = many subcultures?Do we want one major culture where the well defined values and principles will be followed by almost all employees in the company? If course, we do. But what will be happening if these values and rainfalls are not so clearly defined and managers do not follow it? Or these values are considered as fundamental and unchangeable and company never wants to accept another new approach although things are changing with time. The company finds itself in crisis. And what about the other possibility? What about the presence of some subcultures in the company? The one strong culture and co-existed other subcultures?Subcultures which are different from each other, with different values, needs, behavior for example according to level of management or function but still identifying with the core values of dominant culture of the company. But what will be happening in the case that the cul ture is not so dominant? Then people in the subcultures will have totally different opinions, they will follow other values and the goal of the company will be different and company will have big difficulties to achieve their goals, satisfy their employees and also customers, the communication will be confused and a lot of conflicts will be occurred.So how to get to the ideal solution? As we know nothing is ideal but we can try to get to ideal solution as closer as possible. In case of one main culture and other subcultures on my opinion the organization should insist on clear and accurate definitions of its strategy, mission the fundamental purpose of the organization, what business the company is, vision where does company wish to go? , core values what are the desired behavior and characters, attitudes and etc. Also another really important thing is clear formulation of well-arranged conditions of work, e. G. Squired ways of behavior at work (dress code, manners), assessment, remuneration, education and trainings (mandatory or voluntary) Of employees. Company should inform their employees not only about changes but also about all things mentioned above as much as possible. Each a new employee should be familiarized with companys strategy, its values, mission, vision and so on. Company should also support communication among particular subcultures for example organizing regular meeting where they will make them acquainted with all news in each subculture, with changes, outcomes, future plans and all important things which happened.Another advice which I would recommend is to arrange demodulating activities and trips, comma my-wide actions (cultural, sport, charity) which converge employees together. And managers also take care of different opinions and values of his employees and appropriately titivated them. In case of the one dominant culture without any subcultures in the company would recommend to target the opened mind during a decision making and take into account and assess more alternative than one and for example the company can hire some external experts in a lot of tasks because they can bring a lot of new ideas into the company.Also an employee participation in many staff trainings, courses and seminars and their exchange of experience there can help to see things in a different light. Because nowadays the life is going really fast, things are change every day, genealogical progress and also peoples thinking as well that is why think that company should be open to all changes, new approaches and methods so on my opinion and with respect to present time the one strong culture with many subcultures is the most suitable for companies.And we have to take into account th at organizational culture is not important only for current employees of the company but also for new coming employees; sometimes people prefer atmosphere in the company to for example salary. And corporate culture gives current employees some confidence what direction he company will take and what they can expect. Because when we have a look at this fast going and changing world it is clear and understandable that people need security jobs and income and the right corporate culture can help to find it and also maintain it.

Before You Register for the MCAT

Before You Register for the MCAT    Sure, you want to register for the MCAT. Youre planning to attend medical school. Youve completed the necessary coursework to get you there, you have your recommendations all lined up and youre dreaming of your future career in the medical world. But, before you do all that, you need to take the MCAT and get a fabulous score. And before you can take the MCAT, you need to register. And before you register (are you seeing a pattern here?), you need to figure out a few things. Are you eligible to register? Do you have the proper identification? And if so, when should you test? Read the details about what you need to do before you register for the MCAT, so youre not scrambling when registration deadlines approach!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MCAT Registration FAQs Determine Your Eligibility Before you ever log into the AAMC website to register for the MCAT, youll need to figure out if youre even eligible to take the exam. Yes – there are people who will not be. If youre applying to a health professions school – allopathic, osteopathic, podiatric, and veterinary medicine – then youre eligible. Youll be required to sign a statement that indicates youre taking the MCAT only for the purpose of applying to medical school. There are some people who are interested in taking the MCAT who arent applying to medical school – test prep experts, professors, students who want to change medical schools, etc. – who can take it, but will need to obtain special permission to do so. If thats you, then youll need to send an email to mcataamc.org explaining your reasons for taking the test. Ordinarily, youll get a response within five business days. Secure Appropriate Identification Once youve determined that you may actually register for the MCAT, youll need to get your identification in order. Youll need these three identification items in order to register: An AAMC IDA user name connected to your IDA password You may already have an AAMC ID; youd need it to use any of the AAMC services like practice tests, MSAR database, Fee Assistance Program, etc. If you think you have an ID already, but you cant remember your login, then DO NOT create a new ID! This can botch the system and test score distribution! Call 202-828-0690 or email mcataamc.org if you need help with your current login. Be careful when entering your first and last names into the database. Your name must perfectly match your ID when you come into test. If you find out that youve mistyped your name, then youll need to change it in the system before the end of the Bronze Zone registration. After then, you wont be able to change your name, and you wont be able to test on your test date! Select The Best Test Dates The AAMC recommends that you take the MCAT in the same year you apply to medical school. If, for example, youre applying in 2018  for admittance to school in 2019, then youll need to take the exam in 2018. Most of the MCAT test dates and score release dates will give you sufficient time to meet application deadlines. Of course, every medical school is different, so to be absolutely sure you test with appropriate time to get scores to your first choice, check with the schools before you register for the MCAT. The AAMC also recommends that you dont take the MCAT for the first time in September because you may not have sufficient time to retest if your scores dont accurately reflect what you can do since the MCAT is not offered October – December. If youre thinking about testing more than once, take the exam early in the year from January – March, for instance. That way, youll have plenty of time for a retake if it comes to that. Register for the MCAT Are you ready to go? If so, click here to complete your MCAT registration today!

Foreign Affairs, Economics and the Articles of Confederation essays

Foreign Affairs, Economics and the Articles of Confederation essays The Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777 were designed to provide an effective form of government but did nothing of the sort. Although the Confederation attempted to strengthen foreign relations by maintaining peace with Great Britain and Spain, it failed. It also tried to better the nation's economic conditions through means of taxation and an increase in the national government's power, neither of which worked. Ultimately, the Articles of Confederation were unsuccessful and only added to the stack of problems the nation had to fix. The rest of the world did not think highly of the Confederation, making it challenging for it to convince Great Britain and Spain to honor their part of the peace treaty of 1783. The British had agreed to repay all slaveowners whose slaves had been seized by the British army, as well as promise to leave the United States. The British did not follow through with either of these agreements. John Adams was sent to London as a minister to resolve such issues but returned with no such achievement. Great Britain declined to even send a minister to the American capital. The debility of the Confederation was obvious throughout this all, as it was in its troubles with Spain as well. The Confederation had similar problems when dealing with Spain. The United States had land issues with the Spanish over the border between the United States and Florida, which was owned by Spain. The United States diplomats agreed to a treaty with Spain promising American recognition of Spanish possessions in North America and an agreement that the United States would only have the rights to navigate the Mississippi for twenty years in return for the acceptance of the American views of the Florida border. The southern states refused to ratify the treaty, meaning the problems between the two countries would remain. Foreign tribulations appeared again when the Confederation tried to repair the country's economic troubles as ...

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy Essay

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy option to help to solve the uk's current economic problems - Essay Example Following the 2008, financial crisis qualitative easing became an element of recovery to the central banks that their interest rates were close to zero lower bound or at zero (Benford, Berry, Nikolov, & Young, 2009). With the intensification of the crisis, most international central banks took possible measures in supporting demand and loosening monetary policies. The bank of England through its monetary policy committee (MPC) dealt with it by cutting interest rates by up to three percentage points in bank rate. In early 2009, the bank further reduced it by one and half percent. MPC in their analysis explained that the cut could not meet the consumer price index of two percent hence need to purchase private and public assets using the central bank money. This led to the introduction of qualitative easing in the United Kingdom economy. The idea behind this was to inject liquid money back into the economy to help boost nominal spending and achieve the two percent inflation target. Disc ussion To avert the financial crisis, the bank of England purchased a large amount of United Kingdom governments bonds (gilts). By January 2010, the bank had purchased medium and long-dated gilts worth 200 billion of assets, and this represented fourteen percent of annual GDP and 30 percent of private sector outstanding gilts. In so doing, and by a combination of support measures the bank balance sheet increased in relation to the GDP threefold before the crisis. To implement this technique further, the government gave authority to the bank to purchase corporate bonds and high quality paper. The government did so in order to improve market functioning by acting as a backstop buyer and seller (Hamilton, 2010). The asset purchasing is one of the unconventional policy measures applied in the bank to loosen the monetary policy. The bank aim of assets purchasing was to cut the bank rates and hence stimulating nominal spending with the aim of meeting the two percent inflation target. This initiative also alleviated inflation that had been domestically generated. Assets purchases affected inflation and spending through different potential channels. First, it increased money holdings and pushed up the assets prices while stimulating the expenditure by increasing wealth and lowering borrowing costs. It also stimulated impact by broadening expectations and its influence on bank lending rates. Effects of assets purchasing The purchasing of assets led to Policy signaling effects, which included the expectations by market participants of policy rates to remain low for longer. At the time of expectations, policy makers were dealing with the issue of falling inflation below the expected medium target. The falling of inflation could have led to push up on real interest rates while reducing spending and keeping of nominal rates at low levels (Hancock, & Passmore, 2011). The assets purchase assisted in keeping inflation expectations on target through supporting of spending. The signaling effect anchored inflation expectations on track hence the hiding the real state of the economy to the agents on their views. The other effect of assets purchasing in stabilizing the economy was through portfolio balance effects, which entailed pushing up prices of other assets and the bought assets. This happened in the sense that after the bank buying assets, there is an increase in money

New advancements in police technnologies Research Paper

New advancements in police technnologies - Research Paper Example Administrators must be well skilled in getting technology over a diversity of financial sources. There are several new advancements of police technologies that are currently used. These new technologies as force manifold that progress competence, usefulness as well as officer safety in a various ways. This paper outlines some of these advancements. The first one is the Crime Acts. Currently, there is an influx of a total of flashlights with every an altered specific wavelength intended to perceive hair, fibers, as well as body liquids at crime acts. These lights permit a crime act to be handled quicker and extra methodically than previously. Places formerly inaccessible for influential fluorescence inspection are now available. The compactness of the current crime act inspection light sources brands the furthest of countryside locations. -the second technological advancement is the Car Camera Systems, which has an advanced an appreciated tool to check and ensure a high degree of offi cer expertise (Rostker, 2008). The aptitude to record video film of events involving the public from a patrol car perspective has proven invaluable in such matters as traffic stops, criminal investigations and arrests, internal affairs, and training. These systems are constantly improving and becoming more cost effective. From the time the first in-car cameras were installed to document roadside impaired driving sobriety tests, the cameras have captured both intended and unintended video footage that has established their value (Rostker, 2008). Various video recordings have resulted in convictions; many provide an expedited means to resolve citizen complaints, exonerate officers from accusations, and serve as police training videos. Occasionally, a video ends up on the evening news, as a humorous excerpt on other television programs. Similarly, there is the Photo Implementation Systems, which are automatically generated in red light color defilements and as a result importantly reco ver security for the proceeding public. Presently there are a number of trustworthy merchants of photo implementation systems accessible to societies. In addition, Searching for Individuals are current imaging strategies usually organized for the exploration and liberation assignments where arenas, as well as other topography can be perused very quickly. Specific rate is the exploration of compact brush or even wooded parts where conservative explorations can be problematic. Correspondingly, imagers can be casted off to exploration to dark constructions and new parts for defendants who are walloping and endeavoring to escape anxiety. This device cans as well elite up a heat autograph on the pulverized where a suspect was formerly walloping. Another technological advancement is the Evidence and Deterrence whereby crime acts inquiries are as well assisted by the systems in skimming for physical indication (Raschke, 2009). Also imagers can perceive bothered surfaces for crypts or even other parts that must been excavated up in an effort to hide the bodies, indications, as well as objects. This device can as well scam thoroughfares for exhaust tracks and other scripts which are not noticeable to the bare eye. Preemptive imager investigation allows officers to scam communal parks, communal streets, backstreets and bays lots, communal constructions, conveyance passageways, as well as other

German Military Able To Succeed With Operation Barbarossa Essay

German Military Able To Succeed With Operation Barbarossa - Essay Example One should also bear in mind the fact that it was the adverse effects of operation Barbarossa that prompted Soviet Union to step down as the unchallenged world super power. The preparation for Operation Barbarossa had been on track on December 18, 1940 and Hitler had made all the stealthy arrangements of the operation and the military maneuver lasted from the year of 1941.The operational goal of the attack was the quick conquest of the European part of the Russia which connects the cities of Arkhangelsk and Astrakhan and Germans had acquired a number of remarkable initial victory against Soviet Union. Their planned military operation against Soviet forces reveals their intention. On June 22nd 1941, â€Å"Adolf Hitler launched the greatest land-air attack in the history of war – Operation Barbarossa. The assault comprised of 3 million troops, 3,500 tanks, and 1,800 aircraft† (Focus on World War II: Operation Barbarossa). Hitler met with initial success as his strategies, German Blitzkrieg tactics, and operations were well-planned and well-executed. One can find that the Axis had performed mobility and obliteration, efficient communication and confidence in battlefield.

Effect of Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías Regime on the Economy

Effect of Hugo Rafael Chà ¡vez Frà ­as Regime on the Economy Introduction Venezuela is located in the upper corner of South America and neighbors with Colombia, Brazil, and Guyana. It has been nearly 200 years since Venezuela first gained its independence from Spain (1811). From 1830 onwards, when Venezuela split from the Bolivarian Colombia (1819-1830), the country was governed mostly by military and despotic regimes. That military period lasted until 1958 when the current democratic spell started following the ousting of General Marcos Perez Jimenezs dictatorship.  [1]  Despite that long period of military dictatorships, the Venezuelan economy is considered to be a mixed economy where there is a mixture of command and free market elements  [2]  . These will be discussed in greater depth in the following text. Venezuela had until the 1980s a series of successful periods of economic growth  [3]  . The country had from there on and until 1999 a succession of economic and political crises. The government previous to the election of Hugo Chavez headed by Rafael Caldera was in power from 1994 to 1999. During this time in office he had to deal with high inflation rates and a financial crisis. Due to these severe problems, Caldera was forced to impose an exchange control in mid-1994. This was shortly followed by more stabilization actions that were enforced by the International Monetary Fund agreement. Due to these severe actions taken by the Calderas government (Convergencia) he became severely unpopular among the electorate. This did not help him win his reelection and set the stage for Hugo Chavez  [4]  . The purpose of this essay is to discuss whether or not Hugo Rafael Chà ¡vez Frà ­as regime is moving towards a planned economy due his anti- American stance. Moises Naim states that the rise to power of Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez is often seen as evidence of an impending backlash against globalization, American-style capitalism.  [5]  This statement reflects the change in the governments policies on the Venezuelan economic system. To further explain this transformation it is vital to define what a free market economy and planned economy are. Theoretical Background Hypotheses If the Venezuelan government is moving from a free market economy to a planned economy, one would expect to find evidence of this transition economy. Definitions are needed to be known before explanation of results. A free market economy refers to an economy in which markets, in other words the interaction of buyers and producers, determine price and output.  [6]  In addition, this economic system [relies] on free markets which permit people to engage in economic activities largely free from government control.  [7]  In other words the government must have a hands-off policy in regards to the economy. Therefore, all production is in private hands and companies are able to adjust their wages and prices according to the demand and supply curve. Furthermore individuals are able to make independent decisions regarding the price of products, amount of production, and retailing. The free market economy is one that allows for the best interests of both consumers and producers to be met  [8]  . Advantages of the free market economy include: resources are allocated by market forces and price mechanisms,  [9]  and the motivation of profits provides an incentive to reduce costs and be innovate.  [10]  As William Baumol points out, to some extent, innovation in the economy is important as it indicates the expansion of peoples creativities in businesses and therefore fosters productivity growth in the economy.  [11]  What this makes clear once again is that a lot of the power and decision making lie within companies and the market. Disadvantages can include resources being used up too quickly as firms seek to make high profits and to minimize costs.  [12]  Additionally, large firms can expand and dominate a particular industry; leading to higher prices, and results in excessive power. A planned economy is defined as an economy where decisions are made by the government on the behalf of the people, and in theory, in their best interests.  [13]  This indicates that the state has great ownership of resources in the economy and through this provides social welfare to the people. In this economy the government sets the price of resources. There are thought to be several advantages and disadvantages in a planned economy. The advantages are that the government can directly influence the distribution of income to make it more equal  [14]  . In addition the government determines which [types of goods] are to be supplied  [15]  . This necessarily gives the government the power to decide what goods are considered to be important in the society. A disadvantage of this economy is the government [s dominance which] may lead to a loss of personal freedom of choice  [16]  . Unlike the free market economy there is no incentive for individuals or firms to be innovat iveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ goods are often of poor quality and usually a limited choice.  [17]  No competition in the economy and low profit (or absence of profit altogether) can lead to inefficiencies of resources. In short, it is the government, and not the consumers, who make all the decisions. A planned economy is an ideology often used by governments in communist states. Countries like Cuba and North Korea are currently using a planned economy system. An important concept of economic theory in describing a planned economy and free market economy is the understanding of economic growth. Economic growth is defined as an improvement in the standard of living (that) typically occurs when an economy increases its output of goods and services during an expansion  [18]  . This leads to economic development which refers to an improvement in living standards in an economy encompassing material consumption, education, health, and environmental concerns.  [19]  Therefore the use of a production possibility curve (PPC) is implemented to determine economic growth. Looking at the graph below (figure 1), one can see the theoretical downfall of the total goods and services (GDP) as the market moves from free market to planned economy. The PPC1 curve shifts downwards to PPC2 a level where planned economy would function. In moving from a free economy to a more planned economy orientated structure (transition economy), theoretically the output of the countrys total goods and services would decrease because of the inefficiencies. Overall the economic growth diminishes as the governments dominance in the economy increases. Figure 1 The PPC can also be used to better understand the change in government spending in a planned economy. This curve demonstrates the shifting of the government spending. The graph below (figure 2) presents public sector production and private sector production. The PPC curve represents the maximum amount of output possible given the available resources.  [20]  . At point A, there is an equal amount of production from the public and private sector. The total production at point A is on the PPC curve meaning that the maximum level of production is obtained  [21]  . As the government moves closer to a fully planned economy and it begins to invest in the public sector which include schools, health programs, housing, and so forth bureaucracy and inefficiencies increase and production moves to point B.  [22]  As we can see in figure 2, point B is no longer on the PPC curve but below it, signaling that the maximum level of output is not being achieved. Figure 2 Methodology Departing from the following hypothesis If the Venezuelan government is moving from a free market economy to a planned economy, one would expect to find evidence of this transition economy. This evidence would be found in several areas. One would expect to find more government bureaucracy and interferences in private enterprises. This could take the form of increased unjustified fines, paper work, restriction of all kinds, and control, which all result in reduction of business. One would also expect to find an increase in the nationalization of private companies; this could take the form of expropriation of private lands by the government. Further evidence of a movement towards a planned economy would be greater spending on social welfare. This would be clear in areas such as health, education, and housing. Finally, one would expect to find evidence of more interference in the economic structure exemplified by manipulation of currency exchange rates. To prove my hypothesis, this evid ence should be demonstrated as actually present in order to confirm the transition of Venezuelas economy. To prove or disprove my hypothesis I relied both on primary and secondary sources. In investigating primary sources, I met with two local business men  [23]  and one professor  [24]  in Venezuela. I then asked them specific questions  [25]  regarding their businesses in this transition economy. Furthermore, in October 2010 on a visit to Venezuela, I was able to make my own observations of the state of the country. In investigating secondary sources, I researched articles and books written by authors and journalists. In addition, I looked for statistics that represent the movement from a free-market to a planned economy. Results Analysis Evaluation More government interference on businesses When Hugo Chavezs government got into office in 1999, the government slowly imposed new regulations on all sizes of businesses. This policy mainly impacted negatively small businesses and employment. I interviewed one business man, Otto Horn, regarding the increased bureaucracy that his firm, Floritec  [26]  , encounters. In this interview he stated that It is harder to import and export raw materials and finished products abroad  [27]  . Many businesses are required to fill in extra custom paper work for SENIAT (the governments tax collection entity)  [28]  and face crippling fines for even a minor inconsistency in the eyes of custom agents. It gets harder by the day to keep small enterprises in business. This has led to higher cost for businesses as these bureaucratic obstacles force the firms to hire more labor to deal with these issues. As well, it is noticed that waiting for approvals from the government in so many newly imposed demands on small enterprises means los s of time and money which impacts the efficiency of these businesses. To put an example, the government has begun charging firms for the use of their own company logo on their own trucks. Otto Horn stated, If you want to put a company logo, you need to buy a license from the government and this raises costs.  [29]  These examples point to an increased level of government interference. Small businesses are mostly affected by these measures as they dont have enough capital to cover these new expenses. Big businesses have also been affected by these government interferences and even though they are better prepared to cope with it the uncertainty leads to less investment and further instability in the economy as a whole. In early 2009, the economy encountered high inflation  [30]  . This caused a surge in the prices of all products. The Venezuelan government, under Chavez, made several attempts in reducing this high inflation. One of the actions taken was imposing price controls on certain staple foods in an effort to make them more affordable to everyone. However, this action did not have the best outcome, [the] government [`s] attempts to impose price control has had limited effect as big food producers have cut back on production, food distributors have decreased shipments and even hoarded essential goods and retail sellers have traded on the black market  [31]  This control further damaged the food producers by cutting their profit which forced them to reduce the costs, which in one example was achieved by reducing the number of employees. Furthermore, Luis Carmona of Polar states, Forcing companies to produce rice at a loss will not resolve the situation, [and] simply makes it worse.  [32]  In addition, fewer goods could be established on the market. These price controls largely affects food producers and many food processing companies became bankrupt. Hugo Chavez and his government decided to sue or even nationalize dysfunctional companies if they do not follow the governments rules  [33]  . Hugo Chavez said he would take over the control of the food processing industries, as he said in one of his statements, I will expropriate them, I have no problem with that, and Ill pay them with bonds. Dont count on me paying with hard cash  [34]  . This suggests that the government is serious about making food available to the poor but on the other hand, private firms cannot cope with the price changes unless it cuts down on costs. This is all evidence of a planned economy. Government interference was evident in the conversation with another business man named Jorge Redmond, CEO of Chocolates El Rey  [35]  . Mr. Redmond initially wanted to merge his company with the world renowned company, Nestlà ©. He wanted to merge the company to avoid suffocating levels of governmental interference and bureaucratic hurdles brought upon the firm affecting its products exports mainly to its U.S customers. However the government blocked the deal between the potential mergers, as the government did not want more foreign presence in Venezuela  [36]  . The governments move against expansion of global assets limits the choices of private firms. This emphasizes the governments bureaucracy and interference on businesses. Government Nationalization Growing bureaucracy and government interference have led to a failure of private companies as they cannot maintain healthy profitability levels. This has given the government an excuse to nationalize private firms. Common examples are CA Nacional Telefonos de Venezuela (CANTV), the countrys telephone company and Electricidad de Caracas, the largest electric company in Venezuela  [37]  . These nationalizations were linked by Chavez to his pursuit of XXI century Socialism  [38]  . In July 2007, at the start of the high fuel prices, the government nationalized key infrastructures of the Venezuelan economy in an attempt to reach the goals of the government.  [39]   Also in 2007, the government stripped assets from two U.S. oil companies Exxon Mobil Corp. and ConocoPhilips.  [40]  The government seized control of the profits of both companies. In the following year, 2008, Hugo Chavez and his government ordered the nationalization of the cement industry, Cemex,  [41]  a Mexican owned company. Chavezs rationale was to prepare for future building in the housing sector. In addition, in 2008, the Venezuelan steel mill, Siderà ºrgica del Orinoco SIDOR, was nationalized. Chavez complained the companies do not put a high enough priority on supplying the domestic market  [42]  . In 2009, the government for the first time ordered the Venezuelan armed forces to take over a business, in this case a rice processing plant  [43]  . In October 2010 the government nationalized AGROISLENA, the countrys largest producer of goods and services for the agricultural sector  [44]  . According to The Economist, since Hugo Chavez got into power in 1999, almost 400 companies have been nationalized, the vast majority in the past two years.  [45]  This shows the governments movement to take over major industries in order to fix the prices of the goods. All the above actions taken by the government have been sweeping reforms throughout the nation with the aim of reducing the prices of products which would result in massive consumption of the products by the local economy. The nationalization of firms by the government points to evidence of a planned economy as the government begins to de-privatize companies, moving towards a greater control of how the economy functions. More Social Welfare Spending Hugo Chavez came to power by promising the people a reduction in poverty and an increase in quality of life for the masses. This spending was fueled by high oil prices in July 2007, crude had reached the remarkable world market price of $US 147 per barrel.  [46]   This increased spending in the public sector gives more evidence of the move to a planned economy. The graph (figure 3) below shows the statistics of government public expenditure  [47]  . The current regime under Hugo Chavez has increased public spending by a factor of 13 between 1999 (the year Chavez entered office) to 2008. Figure 3 The government has spent money on the educational, health, and housing sectors. With the increase profits from the oil rents and productions, the Ministry of Education has introduced mission programs, Robinson I and II are mission[s] focusing on literacy and primary education for adults, Ribas and Sucre target secondary and university education for individuals who never had the opportunity to attend or those who dropped out.  [48]  This missions are examples of increased spending on the public sector. Hugo Chavezs government has increased public spending on the health sector of the economy. The government has created new mission programs such as, Barrio Adentro [which] provides free health care to the poor through the assistance of tens of thousands of Cuban doctors  [49]  Internet correspondence with Guillermo Buhrkohl  [50]  , a political professor from Venezuela, confirms this in the following, The health programs known as Mission Barrio Adentro and Mission Miracle, are programsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ aiming [at]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ providing primary medical attention to the shantytown population; however the professor confirms the government is literally asphyxiating both health care provided by private hospitals and the traditional public health system, paradoxically the later is the place where the poor go when a very limited Barrio Adentro cannot cope. This proves that there has been an increase in government spending on healthcare which could be seen as detrimental to both priv ate and public sectors. The government promised the masses to increase the public social welfare to all. This would also include the construction of close to free housing for each family. From my own personal observation while visiting the country in October 2010, the use of the billboards to promote housing plans was clearly evident everywhere  [51]  . This evidence of increased spending in the public sector mostly for political purposes adds up to the motive of the planned economy. Manipulation of currency Hugo Chavezs government has interfered deeply into the currency market. The government has made severe adjustments to currency, starting with the introduction of strict exchange rate controls by pegging the exchange rate to the American dollar in 2005. In 2008, the government changed the numerical currency making 1,000 Bolivars equal to the value of one Bolivar Fuerte (strong Bolivar)  [52]  . This measure could be seen to minimize the perceived inflation due to government action. However, it does not address the inflation that the country faces. In January 8th 2010, the government announced the devaluing of the currency by up to 50%  [53]  . The government believed that the devaluation of the Bolivar would trigger an export boom as Venezuelas exports would become more competitive. In reality, the devaluation had little to no effect on the countrys exports, as can be seen in Figure 4  [54]  . Figure 4 As mentioned above, in 2005, Hugo Chavezs administration made extreme adjustments to the Venezuelan financial system. The governments control over the currency exchange rates is shown in a statement, The introduction of the exchange controls has meant that companies and individuals have to apply to the Comision de Administracion de Divisas (Cadivi, the official foreign exchange agency).  [55]  This is where the government fixed the currency rate at 2.15 to the dollar. This triggered an increase in imports from 2005 which can be seen on the graph above (Fig.3)  [56]  . On January 8, 2010, the devaluation has occurred; from 2.15 bolivars to the [US] dollar to 4.3 bolivars to the [US] dollar  [57]  explained above caused higher consumer inflation on goods thus affecting the total spending on imported goods like televisions. The devaluation of the currency and exchange controls has lead the Venezuelan economy to have extremely high inflation. Consumption in the Venezuelan economy has decreased and business production has lowered to meet their expenditures. For example, Movistar, [in Venezuela] a mobile phone company owned by Spains Telefonica, last month [August 2010] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ suspended roaming agreements in 13 countries.  [58]  This indicated that the dollar squeeze is affecting the Venezuelan economy deeply. On the other hand, high inflation means that the government gets more Bolivars from a quick recovery of oil prices, and exporting oil to United States. This money allows the government to satisfy the needs of the Venezuelans to the best interests of the government, and this brings the role of the government into everyday lives as, that gives Mr. Chavez the chance to throw money around: pay rises for the army for example.  [59]  This manipulation of the currency gives solid evidence of interferences in economy by Hugo Chavezs government which adds a new element that confirms the hypothesis of a transition towards a planned economy in Venezuela. Conclusions In this investigation, I found information that supports the transformation to a planned economy from a free market economy in Venezuela. The evidence included: increased government bureaucracy, nationalization of the private sector, increased government spending in social welfare, and increased manipulation of the currency. This has led Hugo Chavezs government to gain greater control of the Venezuelan economic system since his election in 1998. The government is able to decide which goods and services are considered to be important for society. Such examples are the heavily subsidized food distribution firms (MERCAL and PDVAL) created by the government  [60]  . In this investigation, there are a number of difficulties that hinder the gathering of evidence. First, it was hard to gain true statistics regarding the economy. For example, the unemployment rate is hard to determine due to the fact that workers in the informal sector of the economy are included in the statistics which constitutes half of the countrys total workforce  [61]  . It was difficult to find statistical data to support the losses of business budget. Despite my attempts to access this information through internet sources, I was unsuccessful. Secondly there has been a strong political bias in many articles, books, and interviews. These biases affected my research and influenced me deeply, though I made every attempt to remain objective. In addition, it was often hard to separate politics from economics where both are closely linked together. These shortcomings together with a lack of time beg for further and more in depth research to formalize conclusions. Specifically, I would wish to focus on a significant number of concrete business cases where the governments interference in the economy has greatly affected their profitability. I would be interested in confirming the statistical data to support the hypothesis presented. However, the evidence and research presented here demonstrate that there are elements to sustain my hypothesis. It is clear that the government is seriously attempting to impose upon the country a planned economy of the Venezuela. Whether the government is able to complete a transition to a fully planned economy or not, this conclusion stands regardless. In my opinion, the move to the planned economy under Hugo Chavez can have a negative impact on Venezuela as it has negatively limited the freedom of Venezuelan businesses and increased government interference in the economy. Evidence can be found in articles discussing the current brain drain  [62]  ; the educated Venezuelans are more likely to leave the country. Many of these educated people whom are students, professors, doctors, business owners and so forth have either moved to Colombia or to the United States. References Bad news for Venezuelan economy. El Universal 24 May 2010: n. pag. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Baumol, Willam. The free-market innovation machine: analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press, 2002. Print. Blink, Jocelyn, and Ian Dorton. Economics: Course Companion. Oxford: Database right Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. The Bolivarian Brain Drain. Newsweek 1 July 2009: n. pag. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.

Linking Magical Realism and the Sublime in A Very Old Man with Enormous

Linking Magical Realism and the Sublime in A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings      Ã‚  Ã‚   Marquez's "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" links Magical Realism and Sublime literature to one another in such a way that Magical Realism seems to be a genre of the Sublime. This short story was published with a collection of other stories entitled Leaf Storm and Other Stories in 1955. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, a native Columbian, has accomplished a great deal in the field of Magical Realism. This particular short story fulfills the requirements for Magical Realism and, at the same time, the Sublime. This fact leads one to believe that Magical Realism is, in fact, a genre of the Sublime instead of the Fantastic. The characteristics of Magical Realism match those of the Sublime much more extensively than those of Fantastical literature. "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" includes many aspects, which may be described as magical. In the story, an old man with a very poor set of wings is found and kept as a pet for several years. These wings were described by the doctor in the story as "...so natural on that completely human organism that he couldn't understand why other men didn't have them, too" (528). The fact that the old man had wings in the first place seems very acceptable to the characters, and this nonchalance is conveyed to the reader. To take an idea or an object that one is familiar with and distorting that image into something unfamiliar is called defamiliarization (Simkins 150). This use of defamiliarization is a very important characteristic of both Magical Realism as well as the Sublime. An angel is something with which most are somewhat familiar; however, Marquez's angel is a completely different type of angel. One e... ...between Magical Realism and Sublime literature seems very obvious when one examines the criteria for each. Marquez's "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" links Magical Realism and Sublime literature to one another in such a way that Magical Realism seems to be a genre of the Sublime. This short story fulfills the requirements of each. However, the requirements are the very same ideas and principles. Thus Magical Realism should be classified as a type of the Sublime. Works Cited Loginus. On the Sublime. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995. Sandner, David. The Fantastic Sublime. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996. 51-55. Simpkins, Scott. "Sources of Magical Realism/ Supplements to Realism in Contemporary Latin American Literature." Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community. Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 145-159.   

Global Pharmaceutical Industry

INTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas â€Å"you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when it's waving a razor sharp hunting. † The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasized on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the main environmental forces currently affecting the industry through PEST analysis.Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porter's five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to solve case are discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties.Comp anies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940's the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960's industry growing rapidly with the setting up of R&D not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period.In 1970's industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLIT ICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORPolitical factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political arena has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has increased political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare .It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has exactly same ingredients as of branded drugs but shows huge difference in price, because the ge neric brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. Another major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing health care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change.In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had become operations of the company unstable in European market which is highly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of parallel trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland.The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As R&D productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and costly there was sharp rise in R&D expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORSocial factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems as over 65 consumes four times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy unive rsal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world.In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to ent ry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes R&D activity, technology incentivise and rate of technology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of R&D lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on R&D is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are nearly 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its huge investment.THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICA L INDUSTRY Porter's five force model â€Å"The porter's model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. â€Å"(12MANAGE:2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market.More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingred ients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERSBargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers who's buying power is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap comp are to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRYCompetitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS â€Å"Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. â€Å"(QUICKMBA: 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATSThe environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from propriety know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects.The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on R;D, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled nee ds are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATSGenerics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firm's products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide f urther plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly.With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw conclusion as the significant forces of change operating with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONSIt is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the detail s in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTER'S FIVE FORCE USE Porter's five forces theory is valuable contribution to study competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS: It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS: It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS:The knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porter's five force models gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is ap plicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate.If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some people argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify company's strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations.It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on R&D and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The industry more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England: Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis.Available: http://www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). Evaluation of five force theory. Available: http://www. articlesbase. com/education-articles/evaluation-of-the-five-forces-theory-176854. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2007). Study of Porter's Five Forces Theory. Available: http://www. articlealley. om/article_185592_15. html. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Netmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. netmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 01 Nov 2009. Quickmba. (2007). PEST ANALYSIS. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/pest/. Last accessed 02 Nov 2009. Verbigena. (2008). History and analysis of pharmaceutical industry. Available: www. verbigena. com/case_studies/history_analysis. pdf. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 Papers4u. (2009). what is pest analysis. Available: http://www. coursework4you. co. uk/essays-and-dissertations/pest-analysis. php. Last accessed 10 Nov 2009 G. A. Cole  (2005). Strategic Management. 2nd ed. London: person. 506 Read Global Pharmaceutical Industry INTRODUCTION According to Hunter s. Thomas â€Å"you can turn your back on person, but never turn your back on a drug, especially when it's waving a razor sharp hunting. † The global pharmaceutical industry had done tremendous contribution to mankind, but now pharmaceutical companies are facing tough time in a decade. The case is broken in to different parts which is emphasized on how internal and external factors affecting the industry firstly, the main environmental forces currently affecting the industry through PEST analysis.Secondly, the implications of the changes in business environment that is internal factors through porter's five force theory. Finally, the use and limitations of the tools applied to solve case are discussed. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION The present pharmaceutical industries are non-assembled and more of competitive but it had emerged in early 19th century in the Rhine valley near Basel Switzerland where dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties.Comp anies like Hoffman-la rochy, Sandoz, Novartis are all started as Rhine based family dyestuff and chemical companies, which are still doing tremendous business even to day. Slowly these chemical companies started making pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemicals and evolved as global players. In early 1940's the industry showed drastic changes such as introduction of penicillin and other drugs. In 1960's industry growing rapidly with the setting up of R&D not only this economies prospered by the spending on health care in same period.In 1970's industry showed major development but a strong regulatory controls also came into existence with this development, and this regulatory controls had removed the rule of permanent patent to some fixed period which resulted in birth of branded generics. ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES EFFECTING PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The scan of external macro environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms P- POLITICAL E-ECONOMICAL S-SOCIAL T-TECHNOLOGY POLIT ICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORPolitical factors includes government regulations and legal issues defines both formal and informal rules under which firm operates some example like tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs, political stability. Political arena has huge influence up on the regulations of business and the spending power of consumers and other business. Over many years the pharmaceuticals industry has increased political attentions because of increase in recognitions of the economic important of healthcare as a component of social welfare .It takes 10-15 years on average to experiment drug to travel from lab to patient consumption, as patent protection is fixed that is only 20 years but companies has to spend 15 years on experiments by the time it reaches to the market the patent will be almost comes to expired and which will result in birth of generic medicines which has exactly same ingredients as of branded drugs but shows huge difference in price, because the ge neric brand does not spend on clinical trials so the entry of generic are the major impact on pharmacy industry because of the legal policy set by political forces example in us 84% of sales had been dropped in 12 weeks by Allegra hay fever treatment because of expiry of patent in 2006. Another major problem affecting the industry in many countries are monophony which means only one powerful purchaser who are government. Since 1980 government around the world attracting pharmaceuticals as a politically easy target in their effort to control l in increasing health care expenditure like price and reimbursement controls and also the industry loosed both public and political support to resist this change.In 1990 the effect of economic recession had lead to fall in tax revenue, the government forever changing cost containment plans had become operations of the company unstable in European market which is highly fragmented, moreover the expansion of EU had provided many opportunities but it also raised new challenges from generics and low priced imports. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTOR Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital examples like economic growth, interest rates and exchange rates. The government price control is a major challenge to the industry in the form of parallel trade. Parallel trade is nothing but free movement of the product across the Europe with out any trade barriers which will affect the local manufacture because the distributor will buy drugs in low price markets and export them to high price markets example buying the product from manufacture in Poland and exporting them to Ireland.The exchange rates and currency problem is also one of the major issue for example Canada has inflexible pricing and reimbursement criteria, where USA does not have price controls as a results the price drug in America is high compare to Canada which leads to damage of brand image in consumers mind for example price of Lipitor is 3. 20/pill in USA where in Canada which is 1. 89/pill for same drug. Not only this, the growth of pharmaceutical market is aligned with GDP growth. As R&D productivity is declined and development times were lengthened, as clinical trials are becoming more complex and costly there was sharp rise in R&D expenditure. SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECTORSocial factors includes the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment these factors effects customers needs and the size of potential markets, some social factors include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, emphasis on safety and carrier attitudes. ageing populations are creating pressure on healthcare funding systems as over 65 consumes four times more than that of below 65 which leads to more expensive technology solutions and increase in patient expectations had created an unsustainable situation to the industry. Some countries cannot enjoy unive rsal coverage system and latest treatments because they are not funded by the insurance companies like USA which can afford latest technology but cannot share the benefits because of increasing populations in different parts of the world.In developed countries consumer are benefited by the insurance and can afford ethical drugs but the countries who cannot afford to ethical drugs are switching to generic to save coast which pressuring pharmacists to substitute generic drug as the first choice, patented drugs are only used if generic drug fails. The OTC(over the counter) comprise of 20% of market which may purchase without prescription specially OTC is more in developing countries and also for these the patented drug companies has introduce disease management initiatives to attack the challenges from generic. Some consumer does not want to use biopharmaceuticals because they genetically done. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDUSTRY Technological factors can lower barriers to ent ry, reduce minimum efficient production levels and influence outsourcing decisions. Some of the technological factors includes R&D activity, technology incentivise and rate of technology change. he technology is an competitive advantage to the companies and success of R&D lays in team working, knowledge management and close relation with external flexible and some indicates lean and flexible operations and out sourcing is a gate way of success not only these there are many questions raised that the investment on R&D is could not sustain for example in 2005 there are nearly 650 cancers drugs in development. The utilization of technology is very expensive because it includes latest instruments which is possible only for developed countries to use technology because they are funded by insurance companies and product developed by this technology cannot afford in developing countries because of its huge investment.THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE CHANGING BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT OF THE PHARMACEUTICA L INDUSTRY Porter's five force model â€Å"The porter's model is an outside in business unit strategy tool used to know value of industrial structure. The competitive force analysis is made by the identification of five fundamental competitive forces. â€Å"(12MANAGE:2009) POTENTIAL ENTRANCE The threat of new entry is low in this sector because companies has to spend huge amount to produce a product, so investment for the capital is very huge and its as to follow many rules and regulations set up by the government and to maintain the standard which where set is very difficult for new companies which want to enter into market.More over it is very risky business because it takes 10-15 years for new market to come into market and nobody is sure about the success of the products and patent time is also limited. POTENTIAL SUPPLIER Bargaining power of supplier is low because there are only few suppliers because the suppliers in this industry are different from other industries as ingred ients used to make drugs are chemicals so the suppliers are chemical industries. It is very difficult for the suppliers to sustain in the market because if they increase their price the company may change supplier who supply raw materials comparatively low price compare to existing one and industry is not key customer group to the supplier. Brand image, role of quality, service of supplier is not considered by the industry. POTENTIAL BUYERSBargaining power of buyer is high because main buyers are generally government and the companies that is monophony and companies cannot go against them and they can only sell the product to government the other side of the buyer are consumers who's buying power is also high because of substitute available in markets and brand loyalty is low in consumers. POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTES Threat of substitutes is high in this industries, there are many substitute products in market like generics, branded generics, biopharmaceuticals as they are very cheap comp are to the branded drugs as discussed earlier that branded drugs will consider only when generic drugs fails. And import of drugs from china and India which are produce very cheaply compare to local producers. COMPETITIVE RIVALRYCompetitive rivalry is high in this sector because advantage gained by the first mover advantages (patent). As market is getting saturating companies are going global which means world wide launches, global branding and heavy investment in promotion as shorter product life cycle and to gain competitive advantage. In spite of taking care during launching the industry is still faces tough time from generic drugs and not only this merges and acquisitions as one of the major cause for competitive rivalry. SWOT ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS â€Å"Swot analysis provide information that is helpful in matching firm resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. â€Å"(QUICKMBA: 2007) S-STRENGTH W-WEAKNESS O-OPPORTUNITIES T-THREATSThe environmental factors internal are strength and weakness and external are threats and opportunities. STRENGTHS Patent is one of the major strength in this sector of industry which has strong brand names such as Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Johnson and Johnson, Novartis. The above mentioned companies have good reputations among the consumers The sector have cost advantages from propriety know-how This sector company have exclusive access to high grade natural recourses The sector has favourable access to distribution networks WEAKNESS Patent is consider as strength of this sector but due to limited time for patent had become its weakness. The products from this sector have side effects.The products take long time in development such as clinical trials which takes 10-15 years. It involves high cost structures such as investment on R;D, advertising. One of the major weaknesses is regulatory and legal issues by FDA. OPPORTUNIITIES Human needs are unfulfilled, so this unfulfilled nee ds are the opportunities for develop new products. The arrival of new technology as technology keeps on changing time by time. The removal of internal barrier like free movements of goods within EUROPEAN UNION. Due to pressure from big branded companies as this sector contributes major share to economy due to there pressure loosening of regulations may be happen in future. THREATSGenerics are the major threat to this sector The shift in customers taste away from the firm's products, customer in this sector does not have particular brand. Availability of huge range of substitutes in markets Entry barriers to some countries Parallel trade is also one of the major threat to this industry. USES AND LIMITATIONS OF TOOLS PEST USE Pest analysis looks at the external environment and good tool to understand big picture of the environment in which business operates. And it will allow companies to take opportunities and reduces threat of a company which they are facing. Pest analysis provide f urther plan to a company to develop if strategic plan is done correctly.With the pest analysis companies can see longer horizontal time and able to differentiate opportunities and threats and also help companies to look outside environment and what are the potential forces which going to affect. Pest is a mnemonic standing for political, economic, social and technology which are use to brain storm the characteristics of a industry and can draw conclusion as the significant forces of change operating with in it. More over it is useful to avoid taking actions which results in failure, it is very useful especially in starting new products because it will avoid assumptions and make to adopt quickly the reality of the new environment, it is straightforward and easy to adopt, broad categories covering major environmental factors and will provide more data about influence. LIMITATIONSIt is not a set of rigid compartment to store ideas more over pest analysis does not analyse all the detail s in the external environments like markets, share holder, creditors, supra-national bodies, pressure groups and labour markets. PORTER'S FIVE FORCE USE Porter's five forces theory is valuable contribution to study competition it give important information in three aspects. STATICAL ANALYSIS: It determine industrial attractiveness and gives an over view of profitability, this model helps in entry and exit questioning a market segment and used to compare influence of competitor forces and influence of competitors . DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS: It helps to understand potential future attractiveness of the industry. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS:The knowledge and power of five forces help company to develop options to improve position of the company which results in new strategic direction like new differentiation for competitive products of strategic partnerships. Moreover, porter's five force models gives systematic and structured analysis of market structure and competitive situation, this model is ap plicable universal such as particular company, market segment and industries. LIMITATIONS Care should be taken while using this model such as never under estimate the important of current strength of the company. The model design for analyzing individual business strategies and it will not support the interdependence and synergy with portfolio of larger corporate.If we look from the theoretical side the model does not show possibility that an industry could be attractive because some companies in it. More over some times it may be possible to create complete new markets instead of selecting from existing one and also some people argued that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and quick changes require more flexible, dynamic approach for strategy formations. SWOT ANALYSIS USE The name it self say it is used to identify company's strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. And use to formulate strategies the analysis usefulness of SWOT is not limited to profit seeking organizations.It is used in decision making situation when a desired end -state has been defined, and it is used in pre crisis planning and prevention and also used to in creating a recommendation during a viability study LIMITATIONS It has ability to over simplify the situation by dividing the firms environmental factors into categories in which they may not fit. The classifications of some factors as strength or weakness, or as opportunities or threats is some what peculiar CONCLUSION The pharmaceutical industry made tremendous contribution to man kind but, the industry is facing tough time in this decade. Yet it is targeted by government, media in spite of huge investment on R&D and the product life is getting shorter. Free trade, parallel trade and exchange rate are oreover the birth of generics, creating major problems to the industry. Niche areas getting crowded creating price pressure, but the presence of global expertise firms like Pfizer, Merck will stand as global opportunities. The industry more than ever needs to get a handle on the slippery business of scientific creativity and provided it critics with indisputable evidence of its value. BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson et. al (2007). Exploring corporate strategy. 8th ed. England: Pearson Education. 915 Quickmba. (2007). Swot analysis. Available: http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/swot/. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Answers corporations. (2009). Swot analysis.Available: http://www. answers. com/topic/swot-analysis. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. 12 manage. (2009). Five Competitive Forces. Available: http://www. 12manage. com/methods_porter_five_forces. html. Last accessed 30 Oct 2009. Olivia Hunt. (2008). 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