American Civil War High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Civil War High School - Essay Example Another reason why the south lost is that the troops faced major problems in battle. These problems were as a result of lack of a good communication channel, communication barriers led to a lack of information and in the case where a group attacked it were difficult to get help and enforcement from the other troops. The southern troops also lacked unity and many were not confident in winning the battle and this eventually gave the north an opportunity to win the battle. Therefore the south lost due to lack of unity, lack of communication channels, poor organization and lack of experience in battle. In my own view there is no way that the south would have won with all the disadvantages they had compared to the north, they took these opportunity and won the battle. The north won the battle due to the fact that they had more soldiers compared to the south, also the soldiers were experienced, well trained and well armed then the south, transport and communication networks were better than those of the south region and this made it easier for transportation of arms and reinforcing battle fronts.

Marks of a Healthy Church Essay Example for Free

Marks of a Healthy Church Essay Introduction In the New Testament, the church can be referred to as the â€Å"local† church or the â€Å"universal† church. The local church is a place where assemblies of believers come together at a particular location and time. The universal church refers to the body of Christ. Many churches believe that they are healthy because they have a certain number of people on their membership roll. Healthy churches measure their spirituality according to God’s Word. This paper seeks to convey that healthy churches are measured in spiritual terms versus numerical terms; follow biblical instead of cultural patterns of ministry; are based on theological instead of sociological foundations; focus on ministry not a marketing model; and adopt scriptural not secular models of leadership. This will be done by examining Kenneth Gangel’s discussion on the different marks that can be used to gauge a healthy church in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church.† Brief Summary According to Kenneth Gangel, in his article â€Å"The Marks of a Healthy Church,† he seeks to â€Å"explain the characteristics of a healthy church using the measurements of the spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership.† To accomplish this Gangel cautions spiritual leaders not to get caught up in measuring church growth in numerical terms. They should accentuate the holiness and sovereignty of God through Bible study, worship, prayer, praise, and fellowship. In following biblical instead of cultural patterns, churches do not feel compelled to stay â€Å"up with the times† or get hooked on religious fads and slogans. Churches should not push alot of programs and believe that they are right just because they are successful. They would do well to check them and their success against the Word of God. Gangel also wanted spiritual leaders to ensure that they are paying attention to the true vigor or teachings of biblical theology and not get caught up in sociological perceptions of what the church should be. They should seek God’s plans for the church and tune out outside influences. A healthy church seeks to remain spiritually effective by following the ministry model of the â€Å"Great Commission† according to God’s grace, authority, and resources. Churches must never use the marketing or worldly model of seeking resources to accomplish their goals. Spiritual leaders will have trials and be scrutinized; but they should never take on a secular form of leadership in order to deal with these trials. They must pay attention to the essential functions of guiding and leading a healthy church. Critical Interaction Gangel has taken an in depth approach to explaining what constitutes a healthy church. He seeks to make clear that spiritual leaders have to use a biblical approach to assessing church growth or a healthy church. Some of the theological issues that I have found to be at stake in the article are the beliefs that church growth is an indication that the church is growing according to what God has mandated for the church. Church growth should always be evaluated to ensure that the growth is occurring for the right or biblical reasons. The other theological issue is making sure that the spiritual leader and the church are not conforming to the world and its way of doing things. The Bible is the road map that has been given to the spiritual leaders and the church to ensure that they do not go wrong or spiritually off course. Gangel’s opinion that the church should not get caught up on spiritual fads and slogans is backed by John F. MacArthur’s warning that the abandonment of the scriptures as a regulatory principle has opened the church to some of the most detestable of abuses. These abuses include bringing in secular artist into worship services, a sideshow with a carnival theme, and wrestling shows. Gangel is prompted to write about this subject because he was noticed and read about churches hinging their spiritual health on numerical terms of growth instead of biblical terms. His goal is to enlighten and warn the church to make sure they are using biblical measurements in determining the spiritual health of the church. The author has done an exceptional job in proving his thesis, that there are biblical marks or measurements of a healthy church. Gangel’s key strengths in this article are the five biblical marks that he has used to compare to the secular tenants that society likes to use. As he was explaining the five biblical marks of a healthy church, I wish he would have addressed what happens to a church that follows the tenets of society. Conclusion This paper has critiqued the article â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.† The author’s discussion in this article clearly lets us know that church should use caution when it comes to evaluating its growth. The marks that should be used to assess the health of the church are spiritual, biblical, theological, ministry model, and scriptural model of leadership. Everything that the church does should be checked by the Word of God. After reading this article, someone may make the claim that the church should do what it has to in order to reach the unbeliever. In my opinion, we as believers are not to let down our beliefs in what God has commanded us to do in order to reach an unbeliever. By all means, we can use Godly tools to witness to them where they are. Selected Bibliography Enns, Paul.The Moody Handbook of Theology.Revised and Expanded. Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. â€Å"Marks of a Healthy Church.†Bibliotheca Sacra,no.158 vol.632 (October December). http://galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis,ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 [ 2 ]. Paul Enns, The Moody handbook of Theology, Revised and Expanded (Chicago, IL: Moody Publishers, 2008), 257 [ 3 ]. Gangel, Kenneth O. 2001. Marks of a Healthy Church. Bibliotheca Sacra 9, no.28 vol. 632 (October December). http://www.galaxie.com/article/5724 (accessed October 15, 2012). [ 4 ]. Ibid., 468. [ 5 ]. Ibid., 469. [ 6 ]. Gangel, 470. [ 7 ]. Ibid., 474 [ 8 ]. Ibid. [ 9 ]. Enns, 359-360. [ 10 ]. MacArthur, John F., â€Å"How Shall We Then Worship?† in The Coming Evangelical Crisis, ed. David Wells (Chicago: Moody, 1996), 181 [ 11 ]. Gangel, 467-468. [ 12 ]. Ibid.

What Constitutes a Healthy Person?

What Constitutes a Healthy Person? This chapter focuses on the features of a healthy physical constitution of a person, definitions of sleep, as well as key concepts associated with disease management such as etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, prognosis, and management of atisthula. Some key etiological factors of atisthula include dietary lifestyle indicators (e.g., sedentary habit and high-calorie diet), and genetic and hereditary factors. This chapter also describes the pathogenesis of atisthula in detail, involving rasa (plasma) and meda (adipose tissue) as important dushyas (affected tissues). The significance of meda (adipose tissue) as the principal dushya has been recently confirmed in modern medicine where the central obesity and dyslipidemia are being considered as the main components of the basic matrix of this disease and its related disorders. [1,2,3] The recent concept of metabolic syndrome was already recognized in Ayurveda. Biomedical science points that overweight individuals experience greatly elevated morbidity and mortality from various ailments including cardiovascular diseases. 4,5 Obesity research is focused on preventive measures and management of complications like prediabetes, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia/sudden death. [6] In the modern world, obesity has emerged as a serious health issue in both developed and developing nations and is recognized as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. In 2008 the WHO estimated that globally, at least 500 million adults (or approximately 1 in 10 adults) are obese, with higher rates among women than men. Obesity is the reason for about 80% of type 2 diabetes, about 70% of cardiovascular diseases, and 42% of breast and colon cancers today. In the past two decades, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled. [7] The rate of obesity also increases with age at least up to 50 or 60 years old. Once considered a problem specific to only high-income countries, obesity has acquired pandemic proportions and is affecting people globally [8,9] Most researchers agree that once it is established in the body, obesity mostly takes an incurable course and continues to develop many progressive complications a fact that was already acknowledged in Ayurveda. [10] Any course of treatment for obesity suggested by modern medical practitioners primarily includes dietary changes and physical exercise followed by anti-obesity drugs that help reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe cases, various invasive and non-invasive surgical procedures could be prescribed such as partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, banding, gastric balloons, etc.[11]   However, Ayurvedas approach to weight management is very different in that it does not recommend pills or surgeries for inducing drastic weight-loss. Instead, Ayurveda advocates dietary restrictions according to the Prakriti (predisposition or temperament of the patient), moderate exercise, practice of yogÄ sanas and pranayama, besides certain ayurvedic medications and b io-purificatory measures for its management [12] The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and consequences of extreme leanness (atikrisha), as an outcome of rasakshaya (decrease of rasa), medokshaya (decrease of meda) and mamsakshaya (decrease of mamsa) have also been described in this chapter. The two basic approaches for management of atikrisha and atisthula are augmentation (brimhana) and depletion (karshana) of body tissues respectively. Various drug and non-drug modalities have been suggested for the replenishment of dhatus and their nourishment to attain good health.   In this regard, Rasayana drugs of Ayurveda help balance hormones, promote essential nutrition and enhance immunity to atisthula and atikrisha respectively. As mentioned earlier, this chapter also emphasizes the role of good Nidra (sleep) in maintaining a healthy life. In fact, as per Ayurveda, after Ahara (diet), Nidra is one of the three sub-pillars of life (trayopastambha) and has a significant place in preventive medicine because normal sleep hel ps prevent diseases and unwholesome sleep may lead to fatal diseases. In Ayurveda, Nidra is considered a brimhana (nourishing) agent that promotes physical mental health and enhances immunity.

Affirmative Action and Discrimination :: Free Essays Online

Affirmative Action and Discrimination 1. Race relations in general and affirmative action in particular have arguably been the most divisive and hotly contested issues in contemporary American politics. Many people feel that affirmative action is necessary to either counteract injustices or ensure the advancement of certain minorities. Affirmative action proponents generally point to four justifications. These are racism, poverty, diversity, and the problem of underrepresentation. Proponents point out that many blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans live in substandard housing, go to substandard schools, and live in neighborhoods where crime is rampant. They claim that they are victims of daily racism and that this hurts their chances for advancement. Proponents point to small numbers of these minorities in certain desirable jobs (i.e. CEOs of corporations and high elected office) as evidence of underrepresentation of minorities and a need for diversity both in the workplace and in higher education. 2. There are several different levels of affirmative action. They include: quotas, preferences, and outreach, in lessening order of severity. Quotas, also called â€Å"set asides†, deal with having a certain amount of jobs or college spots reserved for a particular group. For example, if a University admits 1000 students every year and sets aside 150 seats that are open to blacks only, this is an example of a quota. In the Supreme Court case Bakke v Regents of the University of California , the court ruled that these quotas could not be used by the system but that race could be considered a plus in admissions to the medical school. This brings us to preferences. Preferences are when persons from certain groups (usually groups that have been underrepresented or disadvantaged) are given a ‘boost' in admissions. An example of this would be the practice at the University of Michigan, which was recently overruled by a U.S. District Court. At the University of Michigan, appli cants are graded on a 150-point scale. Blacks, Hispanics and American Indians get 20 points for their race, equal to raising their grade-point average a full point on a 4 -point scale (Focus on Affirmative†¦). This case has recently been appealed to the Supreme Court, casing new light on this decades old question. The third and least severe form of affirmative action occurs when no preferences are given, but when special efforts are made to recruit members of certain groups. This is called outreach. An example of this would be when a Hispanic student receives a letter from the minority recruitment office at a prestigious university urging him to apply (Ezorsky, 34).

Job satisfaction in an mnc

IntroductionJob satisfaction is an of import subject to cover with in the relation of human resource direction. The of import function of human resource revolves around the chief facet of supplying the occupation satisfaction to the employees. Assorted economic experts have mentioned the occupation satisfaction in different ways because of its different behavior. In my research, this is the cardinal subject to be discussed and I will seek to heighten the points to be considered while doing the policies for a occupation for any peculiar employee. Job satisfaction is one of the most widely discussed and enthusiastically studied concepts. However, occupation satisfaction is among the most hard concepts to specify. The assorted definitions of occupation satisfaction make it clear that different research workers have different sentiments about occupation satisfaction. Harmonizing to Wood ( 1973 ) , occupation satisfaction is the status of contentment with one ‘s work and its environment, denoting a positive attitude. Locke ( 1976 ) stated that occupation satisfaction could be viewed as a â€Å"pleasurable or positive emotional province ensuing from the assessment of one ‘s occupation or occupation experiences.† Other pointed out that occupation satisfaction was merely a map of the grade to which a occupation provided the worker with positively values results. Wanous ( 1980 ) said that occupation satisfaction was a lucifer between a individual ‘s demand and the support received from work performed in an organisation. Job satisfaction signifiers an built-in constituent of the complex system of overall satisfaction. Fixing the preset characteristics of occupation satisfaction is a cardinal aim of any HR policy. The HR executives are responsible for accomplishing those policies and therefore, taking the growing in the company along with the occupation satisfaction.The Purpose of the StudyThe intent to take this subject is to analyse the importance of occupation satisfaction in Multi National Companies ( MNCs ) . The ground to travel for MNCs is the addition in the displacement over of the employees for future growing. The shifting, therefore, includes the satisfaction in the given occupation function. Through my research, I will seek to analyse the causes and consequence relationship between the employee and the factors behind occupation satisfaction in a given MNC.Aim of the StudyThe chief purpose of the survey is to look into the remains taking to negative and positive occupation satisfaction in a MNC.The Aims of the StudyThe cardinal aims of the chosen subject are:Estimating the causes of employee attitudes.Declaring the consequences of positive or negative occupation satisfactionMeasuring the employee attitudeTo measure facet-specific degrees of occupation satisfactionTo mensurate general occupation satisfaction,Literature ReviewThere are several grounds for analyzing occupation satisfaction. Organizations step occupation satisfaction primary because of its presumed direct relationship to the short-run ends of cost decrease through increased single productiveness and decreased absenteeism, mistakes, and dissatisfaction have been found to be related to occupation turnover, absenteeism and tardiness. Employee turnover rates have been the most restraints step associated with occupation satisfaction ( Atchison & A ; Lofferts, 1972 ; Brayfield & A ; Crockett, 1955l Dawis & A ; Lofquist, 1981 ) . Mowday ( 1984 ) recapitulate the likely pessimistic significance of employee turnover in footings of the impact on organisations. There are assorted impacts of pessimism in occupation satisfaction on the turnover of the company such as:Addition in the enlisting cost.Enrolling new employees and so developing them every bit good.It can take to reduced societal dealingss ships among employees.No or merely few public dealingss.Decrease in company ‘s chances which can halter the growing.Harmonizing to Lawler ( 2005 ) , â€Å"the research grounds clearly shows that employees ‘ determinations about whether they will acquire to work on any given twenty-four hours and whether they will discontinue are effected by their feelings of occupation satisfaction. The fact that present satisfacti on influences future absenteeism and turnover clearly indicates the causal way is from satisfaction to behavior† . There is a correlativity between occupation satisfaction and variables such as accomplishment, acknowledgment, the work itself, duty, advancement, policy and disposal, working conditions, supervising, occupation activities and gender.Research MethodologySaunders et Al ( 2005 ) â€Å"Research design is the agreement of conditions for aggregation and analysis of informations in a mode that aims to unite relevancy to the research intent with economic system in procedure† . The research to be followed is a bit-by-bit procedure. This makes the full research procedure systematic. Merely primary research shall be used to pull illations. The beginnings used shall be of international reputation and will be trusty. The chief beginning will be instance survey and besides some books, diaries, articles and publications including Internet beginnings.Mentions:Adams, J. S. ( 1963 ) . Toward an apprehension of unfairness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 ( 5 ) , 422-436.Bedeian, A. G. , Ferris, G. R. , & A ; Kacmear, K. M. ( 1992, February ) . Age, term of office, and occupation satisfaction: A narrative of two positions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 33-48.Brayfield, A. H. , & A ; Crockett, W. H. ( 1955 ) . Employee attitudes and employee public presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 396-424.Bruce, W. M. , & A ; Blackburn, J. W. ( 1992 ) . Balancing occupation satisfaction and public presentation. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.Carrell, M. , & A ; Elb ert, N. ( 1974 ) . Some personal and organisational determiners of occupation satisfaction of postal clerks. Academy of Management Journal, 17 ( 2 ) , 368-373.Cherrington, D. , Nyal, D. , & A ; McMullin, B. ( 1989 ) . Organizational behaviour. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Cook, J. D. , Hepworth, S. J. , Wall, T. D. , & A ; Warr, P. B. ( 1981 ) . The experience of work: A collection and reappraisal of 249 steps and their usage. New York: Academic Press, Inc.Cranny, C. J. , Smith, P. C. , & A ; Stone, E. F. ( 1992 ) . Job satisfaction: How people feel about their occupations and how it affects their public presentation. New York: Lexington Books.Fisher, C. D. ( 1980 ) . On the doubtful wisdom of anticipating occupation satisfaction to correlate with public presentation. Academy of Management Review, 5 ( 4 ) , 607-612.Gable, R. K. , & A ; Wolf, M. B. ( 1993 ) . Instrument development in the affectional sphere ( 2nd ed. ) . Norwell, MA: Kluver Academic Publishers.Glisson, C. , & A ; Durick, M. ( 1988 ) . Forecasters of occupation satisfaction and organisational committedness in human service organisations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33 ( 1 ) , 61-81.Golding, J. , Resnick, A. , & A ; Crosky, F. ( 1983 ) . Work satisfaction as a map of gender and occupation position. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 ( 3 ) , 313-317.Grau, M. R. ( 1997 ) . An probe of the job-related stressors of section presidents in a selected community college system. ( Doctoral Dissertation, Texas Southern University, 1997 ) . Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3379.Gruneberg, M. M. ( 1979 ) . Understanding occupation satisfaction. New York: The Macmillan Press, Ltd.Hackman, J. R. , & A ; Oldham, G. R. ( 1975 ) . Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 ( 2 ) , 159-170 Applied Psychology, 49 ( 3 ) , 209-216.Hulin, C. L. , & A ; Smith, P. C. ( 1964 ) . Sexual activity differences in occupation satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48 ( 2 ) , 88-92.

Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Example

Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Example Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Explain the different data structures that are avaliable to computer programmers, giving examples of their use, and reasons why they would be chosen instead of others Essay Essay Topic: The Chosen Dats structures are one of the most common principles computer operation, the ability to locate, add or delete data is common and used as soon as you turn on your computer system. The fundamental reason for using data structures is that it uses efficient ways of carrying out the above operations when large amounts of data are involved in the calculations. Lists, string, stacks, queues, arrays trees are some of the most common data structures. They have been adapted from many pre-computing methods, as a queue in its principal is exactly the same as a queue in a shop for items, for example. Linear List A linear list could be considered a one-dimensional array. The list of numbers form what is called a linear list, ie. 5.1, 1.2, .5.9, .3.6, .4.7. Those numbers on themselves are meaningless data, however with a context it becomes information, for example 5.1 is the 0-60 time of a car would be a suitable context. The data in the list has to have a numeric amount of =0. Data can be stored inside computers as a linear list. If an item has to be added, then the item of data in the middle of the list, then all the data after the item needs to be inserted after the item to make way for the new item of data. Algorithms could be developed to do this, however in reality they would not be used, and would prove to be not efficient if large amounts of data were involved. The pointer system is the preffered system to be used, which shows how newer data structures enable the user to insert and delete items of data without having to move any existing data. However this is not the most efficient way of dealing with large amounts of data. Stacks A stack is a method used to insert and delete items from a linear list. The concept of a stack is of fundamental importance in computing as it is used in so many different applications, adnt hius principle of a stack is illustrated. E.g. The numbers in the list: 23, 54, 10 90. If the numbers were set out vertically, the list would look like: 23 54 10 90 If 77 was added to the stack when it is pushed on top of the stack. The stack now looks like this: 77 23 54 10 90 If an item is to be removed, is it said to be popped off the stack in the last number in first number out (LIFO last in first out). Often machine code programming involved push and pop as mnemonics for the same purpose. In reality this system works within a computer memory using a pointer system, so that is points to a memory location inside the computer that indicates the top of the stack. If the pointer is ued iin this way then it gains the name stack pointer. Queues A queue is very simmilar I principle to how a stack operates. A queue is often called a FIFO stack (First in First out). The operation of the queue is the same as the operation of a normal queue. (if you were first into a shop you would get server first). When the data has been processed and the first operation has been used (start pointer) the stack does not shift up, just the pointers are moved. This therefore acts as a circular list, so when all the items have been popped and some more pushed on, the procedure is started again from the top using three pointers. The pseudocode to delete some data from a queue could be shown as the following: PROCEDURE INSERT(Size, Start_Pointer, Stop_pointer, Data) (*is queue full?*) IF start_pointer = 1 AND Stop_Pointer = Size OR Start_Pointer = Stop_Pointer + 1 THEN PRINT Queue is already full EXIT PROCEDURE ENDIF (*Check to see if queue is empty*) IF Start_pointer = 0 THEN (*initialise queue*) SET Start_pointer = 1 and SET Stop_pointer = 1 (*Queue not empty, update pointers*) ELSE IF Stop_pointer = Size THEN SET Stop_pointer = 1 (*Put stop_pointer back to beginning*) ELSE SET Stop_pointer = Stop_pointer + 1 (*Update stop_pointer*) ENDIF ENDIF QUEUE(Stop_pointer) = Data (*Store data in queue*) END PROCEDURE Arrays An array is ordering of data elements so that information can be extracted from them. The size of an array depends on the number of rows and columns. Most high level languages allow many more than two or three dimensional arrays, however much memory is consumed for multi-dimensional arrays. Eg. A 5-D array containing 10 elements in each D would require: 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 X 10 = 100,000 locations. (if each number could be scored in one location). Arrays must be represented in computers as a linear list ( a 1-D array). To represent an array in a computers memory requires mapping of each element of the array to the corresponding locations that will score the array. The 3 X 4 array with an identifies, T. eg. 10 21 37 31 T = 35 22 14 66 13 82 26 94 Using row-by-row mapping, this array is shown as: (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) T 10, 21, 37, 31, 35, 22, 14, 66, 13, 82, 26, 94 Linked Lists In a linked list the structure of the data does not necessarily reflect the way in which the data is stored in the computers memory locations. A linked list uses pointers, where a pointer is simply a number stored in memory which points to another locations where another item of data can be located. When data is required to be added or deleted to a list, it becomes a valuable function of a linked list that additions or deletions can be operated without having to move other items of data. The only parts which actually change are the pointers within the list. The end pointer is usual to be known as a free space pointer at at least one location, which will be where new data is added in the list. The deletion of an item of data will cause a change of pointer location, not of the actual data itself. The procedure for adding a new node. The process for this is shown in five simplied steps below: 1. Determine where in the list the node is to be inserted 2. Store data at the position indicated by free storage pointer 3. Alter free storage pointer to point to the next free location. 4. Alter the files on either side. Eg. 1-2-3 (with 2 being the new node, 1 is linked to 2 and 2 to 3 via changing the current 13 pointer locations. The same principal can be used for circular (ring) lists with the start and end pointer being attached to the same node. Tree Structures Data can not exactly fit into a list structure, and other structures (eg hierarchial data structure) are used. Such a data structure is useful for a related objects, for example a vehicle parts list with the car as a whole taking the primary hierarchial postion. At the bottom of the tree there is a child node which is said to have no children (most commonly called a leaf node or terminal node). Although this is easier to quickly locate data in this way, it is more difficult to add and delete nodes compared with that of linear lists. It is usual to use some form of stack, so that the route though the tree can be tracked to the previously visited nodes. Binary Trees These are a kind of the parent node is only allowed two terminal nodes. Binary tree structures are implemented using pointer systems in similar ways to the node pointers used with linked lists. Once the child node from the parent node is chosen, the further choices exist in a sub-tree because the root node is no longer entirely accessible. Hash tables A hash funtion is a set of rules when applied to a five digit key field creates a suitable address in the table. The has function is simmialr to a pointer that is used to point to a location where the necessary data is located. A generalised has function is used simmialry to the following example Address = Hash function (key field) Hash function = key field is squared, then taken right- hand digits and finally add 1. Using the hashing function for the following number: (12345) we get: Original Number|Number squared|Right-hand three digits|Right-hand three digits ADD 1 12345 152399025 025 26 One disadvantage of the hashing function is their ability to create the same address within the table for different key fields. This is known as a collision.