Introduction to Communication-Artifacts Assignment

Anxiety and Panic Disorder free essay sample

Everyone has encountered sentiments of tension now and again; and now and then individuals get so overpowered, they go into a state alarm. Tension is really a typical human response to stretch. Be that as it may, in extreme cases, nervousness and frenzy can get debilitating and meddle with regular living. For a juvenile, life is as of now unpleasant enough. How does a juvenile, at that point, live everyday with either of these conditions? This paper will take a top to bottom gander at what uneasiness, explicitly summed up nervousness issue (GAD), and frenzy issue are, signs and side effects that how serious tension and additionally alarm issue is available in a pre-adult, treatment techniques for both GAD and frenzy issue, and two sites offering guidance and treatment for families with an analyzed juvenile. While there are a few kinds of tension issue including GAD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), fears, and frenzy issue, this paper will concentrate on summed up uneasiness issue (GAD) and frenzy issue in the pre-adult populace. Before we can talk about any parts of GAD or frenzy issue, we need to see precisely what these two metal issue are. Uneasiness is the less extreme issue of the two. By and large, tension is available in each individual. Feeling on edge is an ordinary condition in everyones life and, now and again, can be gainful in specific circumstances. Nervousness alludes to the minds normal reaction to peril (Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders). To the vast majority, this is alluded to as our fght or flight reaction. At the point when a youthful is determined to have summed up uneasiness issue, or GAD, the tension has been happening at unusual levels for in any event a half year. The nervousness has no clear trigger, is hard to control, and inders ordinary regular living (Generalized Anxiety in Referred). Frenzy issue is a comparative, yet, more extreme issue than GAD. Frenzy issue is analyzed when the juvenile encounters different, sudden fits of anxiety persistently after some time. A fit of anxiety is a totally impairing circumstance. During a scene an individual encounters serious dread, trepidation, or fear, and is regularly joined by an approaching feeling of death or craziness (Panic Disorder. NCIB). Fits of anxiety are really viewed as basic to some extent, influencing about five percent of individuals sooner or later in their lives (Panic Disorder. ProQuest). It is the point at which different fits of anxiety happen all through time when a frenzy issue conclusion is made. Frenzy issue is frequently present with other psychological wellness issues as well as poor way of life decisions. These incorporate GAD, despondency, tobacco use, liquor use, tranquilize use, and even hereditary qualities. These all can add to and compound side effects of frenzy issue. Summed up uneasiness issue and frenzy issue have comparable side effects, which we will take a gander at Generalized tension issue and frenzy issue have comparative signs and indications. Stray is analyzed when unreasonable nervousness is continually present for in any event a half year. Alongside the unreasonable uneasiness and stress, these physical and subjective indications can be available: fretfulness, weariness, fixation shortages, peevishness, muscle strain, and resting issue to give some examples. Stray is harder to recognize in kids and ordinarily isnt identified until the pre-adult years. Nervousness in a GAD analyzed pre-adult is probably going to develop within the sight of typical social, scholastic, or games. Dread of Judgment from family and friends drapes substantial on the young people mind (Connolly, Simpson, and Petty 2006). The reasons for the tension can emerge from progressively ridiculous concerns too. This can incorporate concerns of a plague, atomic war, or catastrophic events happening. With the psyche being boggled from all the pointless concerns by GAD, the youths scholarly, social, and athletic execution is presently in danger of falling apart. Any negative effects on the youthful will just heighten the uneasiness. Terrible dynamic would now be able to happen. Three basic terrible choices are medication, tobacco, and liquor use. To make an already difficult situation even worse, if any of these choices are made, they also will just escalate the uneasiness from enslavement. Strays side effects, in any case, have less seriousness on execution than alarm issue. Frenzy issue side effects are increasingly serious and simpler to take note. Normal side effects of fits of anxiety include: heart palpitations, perspiring, trembling, brevity of breath, hyperventilation, gagging sensations, chest torment, sickness, wooziness, depersonalization, or feeling lost personality, deadness, chills, hot flashes, dread of madness, and dread of biting the dust. It isn't essential for the casualty to encounter the entirety of the expressed side effects in a fit of anxiety. Notwithstanding, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders expresses that a genuine fit of anxiety is joined by at any rate four of he recently expressed manifestations. Moreover, the manifestations during a fit of anxiety heighten inside the initial ten minutes (Matts and Ollendick 2002). The side effects from a fit of anxiety are a serious issue. They can render the juvenile defenseless. The fits of anxiety can occur at any second and make even straightforward undertakings, for example, driving or eating, about incomprehensible. As examined with GAD, social, scholastic, and athletic execution is in danger; significantly more so than with GAD alone. Fits of anxiety have such seriousness that they can constrain the pre-adult to miss social exercises, school, and additionally games. Medication, tobacco, and liquor use are additionally in danger with alarm issue as the pre-adult is attempting to ease side effects all alone. Lamentably, these will just build the recurrence of fits of anxiety. So how does a youthful deal with a turmoil of this seriousness? There are more advantageous and increasingly viable approaches to manage GAD and frenzy issue. While there is no known solution for GAD and frenzy issue, they can be dealt with psychotherapy, drugs, or a blend of the two. One of the more famous psychotherapies is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in which the individual works ith a prepared emotional wellness expert, for example, a specialist, clinicians, or advocate. CBT has two parts. The psychological part helps the immature change the manner in which they see their feelings of dread while the social segment helps the juvenile change the manner in which they respond to circumstances that trigger nervousness manifestations. The youthful gets the hang of adapting techniques that decrease nervousness levels, supplant negative or non-reasonable. Notwithstanding, in some cases CBT strategies alone are insufficient to control the indications of GAD and frenzy issue. In some cases drugs are consolidated into the treatment plan. The most regularly recommended prescriptions used to treat GAD and frenzy issue are antidepressants. There are a few classes of antidepressants used to treat these scatters including Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRls), Tricyclics, and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOs). SSRls are the most current class of drugs and will in general have less reactions than different classes of antidepressants. They work by modifying the degrees of a synapse in the mind called serotonin. A few instances of SSRls are Prozac, Zolaft, Paxil, Celexa, and Lexapro. A well known Tricyclic ntidepressant prescription endorsed to treat alarm issue is imipramine, or Tofranil. Teenagers taking MAOIS must be mindful so as to evade certain nourishments and abstain from drinking red wine. They likewise can't take numerous normal prescriptions since they can cause perilous medication collaborations. Other than antidepressants, hostile to uneasiness drugs are another class of meds that are useful in controlling side effects of extreme nervousness or frenzy. Most are Benzodiazepines, which are generally endorsed for transient use because of the danger of reliance in delayed use. A few models are Xanax, Ativan, and Klonopin (Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children). Today, there are a huge number of sites offering backing and assets for young people determined to have GAD and additionally alarm issue. Be that as it may, we should be cautious in knowing the validity of these sites.

Gratitude Exercises for the Holiday Season

Gratitude Exercises for the Holiday Season Stress Management Situational Stress Print Gratitude Exercises for the Holiday Season By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Grant Hughes, MD on January 28, 2016 Grant Hughes, MD is board-certified in rheumatology and is the head of rheumatology at Seattles Harborview Medical Center. Learn about our Medical Review Board Grant Hughes, MD Updated on January 27, 2020 istockphoto More in Stress Management Situational Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Thanksgiving presents us with a great opportunity to increase our feelings of gratitude for everything in our lives. This is wonderful for our stress levels as well as our relationships, our life satisfaction, and our overall health. The focus on gratitude that surrounds Thanksgiving is particularly good for us because it reminds us of how easy it is to increase our feelings of gratitude about everything we have, making it easier to feel that we have “enough” when faced with the barrage of marketing that starts before Black Friday and continues through the new year.? Actively cultivating gratitude can also help with other things related to the holidays, such as dealing with “difficult” family and friends during gatherings, managing travel stress, or handling loneliness or winter blues that sometimes fall during the holiday season. How Gratitude Makes You Happier Below are some gratitude-building exercises that can help you through holiday challenges and give you greater feelings of joy and satisfaction in the new year. Maintain a Gratitude Journal Before You Face Challenges I’m a big proponent of gratitude journaling for good reason. When you maintain a gratitude journal regularly, you receive an emotional boost from each writing session. As it becomes a habit, you tend to notice the things in your life that you have to be grateful for, things that you may normally overlook. This may be because you have more practice with gratitude overall, or it could be simply that you know you will need fodder to write about that night. Either way, it’s a benefit. Maintaining a gratitude journal long-term can shift your mindset to a more positive one, which can help with stress relief.  However, you don’t need to keep a journal for months before you see emotional gains from the practice; journaling for a few daysâ€"even onceâ€"can help you to  get into the right mindset to be more resilient to the stress of a holiday gathering or to meet other challenges you anticipate in your life.   How to Start a Gratitude Journal Use Gratitude in Social Media Many people like to tweet or post what they are grateful for during November, and this is a practice I love to see. Sharing what you appreciate about your life can help your friends enjoy these things as well, and can help you all maintain a more positive attitude in general. This is something to keep in mind as you visit family for Thanksgiving, face the crowds for holiday shopping, and participate in the many activities of the holiday season that make this time of year special but also put a strain on schedules, budgets, and attitudes. Be sure you mix in some other topics as well for balance and try to avoid falling into the social media comparison trap. Remember What You Love About People Who Cause Friction When we visit our families during the holiday season, we often encounter more stress than we anticipated. Family gatherings can be stressful for several reasons: the strain of travel, the difficulty of a large group of hungry people gathering in a small space for a long period of time, the possibility of past unresolved issues coming up in conversation, and the work of putting on a feast. Not to mention the stresses of gift-giving that come in December. If you find yourself feeling friction between yourself and another friend or family member at a holiday gathering, remember that this is more common than you may realize, and it doesn’t mean that you don’t love your family. Remember, also, that gratitude can help you to feel more connected with these hungry, possibly grouchy people around you. If you feel conflict, think about one or two things that you love about this person  or positive experiences you’ve shared with them in the past; get in touch with your feelings of gratitude for this person. If you have long-standing issues with this person, this exercise can help, as can these tips on how to deal with difficult people  and  unresolved family conflict. Make Gratitude a Group Exercise As long as you’re thinking of what you appreciate about those around you, why not share your gratitude with the rest of the group and spread the feelings of goodwill? You can casually share some positive memories about those around you or talk about what you appreciate about them, and let the rest of the group join in naturally, or you can ask people specifically if they want to go around the room and take turns sharing positive memories with the group. Either way, this can spread feelings of love and gratitude, and possibly even create a tradition that everyone enjoys. 3 Simple Ways to Practice Gratitude

Definition and Examples of Situational Irony

Situational irony is an event or  occasion in which the outcome is significantly different from what was expected or considered appropriate. Also called irony of fate,  irony of events, and irony of circumstance. Dr.  Katherine L. Turner characterizes situational irony as a long con—a ruse taking place over time. Participants and onlookers do not recognize the irony because its revelation comes at a later moment in time, the unexpected twist.  In situational irony, the anticipated outcome contrasts with the end result (This Is the Sound of Irony, 2015). The essence of situational irony,  says J. Morgan Kousser, lies in an apparent contradiction or incongruity between two events or meanings, a contradiction resolved when the literal or surface meaning turns out to be one of appearance only, while the initially incongruous meaning turns out to be the reality (Region, Race, and Reconstruction, 1982). Also Known As: Irony of situation, irony of events, irony of behavior, practical irony, irony of fate, unintended consequences, irony of existence Examples and Observations Situational irony, sometimes called irony of events, is most broadly defined as a situation where the outcome is incongruous with what was expected, but it is also more generally understood as a situation that includes contradictions or sharp contrasts...An example would be a man who takes a step aside in order to avoid getting sprinkled by a wet dog, and falls into a swimming pool.(Lars Ellestrà ¶m, Divine Madness. Bucknell University. Press, 2002)Not all forms of irony are conscious, intentional or planned. For example, irony also occurs serendipitously through unintended and unexpected circumstances or through the evolution of situations. Situational irony focuses on the surprising and inevitable fragility of the human condition, in which the consequences of actions are often the opposite of what was expected.(David Grant, The Sage Handbook of Organizational Discourse. Sage, 2004)[I]magine that a person has invested  a large sum of money in an apparently reliable company while mocking others for failing to take the same  opportunity. Then, the company turns out to be a failure and all the investors money is lost. The situation is ironical for two reasons in combination: (1) there is a mismatch between the investors certainty on the solvency of the company and the real situation; (2) after getting ruined, the investors unwise mockery of those who did not want to undertake any risk makes the investor look foolish. We may observe that, in situational irony, just like in verbal irony, there is incongruity between intention and effect or between belief and reality.(Francisco Josà © Ruiz de Mendoza Ibà ¡Ãƒ ±ez and Alicia Galera Masegosa,  Cognitive Modeling: A Linguistic Perspective. John Benjamins, 2014) Situational Irony in A.E. Housman's Poem "Is My Team Ploughing?" â€Å"Is my team ploughing,That I was used to driveAnd hear the harness jingleWhen I was man alive?† Aye, the horses trample,The harness jingles now;No change though you lie underThe land you used to plow. â€Å"Is football playingAlong the river shore,With lads to chase the leather,Now I stand up no more?† Aye, the ball is flying,The lads play heart and soul;The goal stands up, the keeperStands up to keep the goal. â€Å"Is my girl happy,That I thought hard to leave,And has she tired of weepingAs she lies down at eve?† Ay, she lies down lightly,She lies not down to weep:Your girl is well contented.Be still, my lad, and sleep. â€Å"Is my friend hearty,Now I am thin and pine,And has he found to sleep inA better bed than mine?† Yes, lad, I lie easy,I lie as lads would choose;I cheer a dead man’s sweetheart,Never ask me whose.(A.E. Housman, Is My Team Ploughing?  A Shropshire Lad, 1896) Situational Irony in Creative Nonfiction Situational irony  abounds in fiction, but its also a major component to many  non- fiction  narratives—if you think about the popular storm books from a couple of years ago, Sebastian Jungers Perfect Storm and Erik Larsons Isaacs Storm, both accounts of these terrible hurricanes deal with the all-too-human disinclination to take nature seriously. Hey, how bad can some wind and rain be? Not going to stop me from raking in the dough.(Ellen Moore and Kira Stevens, Good Books Lately. St. Martins Press, 2004) The Irony of War Every war is ironic because every war is worse than expected. Every war constitutes an irony of situation because its means are so melodramatically disproportionate to its presumed ends.(Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory. Oxford University Press, 1975) Incongruity in Situational Irony Situational irony entails a certain incongruity between what a person says, believes, or does and how, unbeknownst to that person, things actually are. [In Sophocles tragedy Oedipus Rex]  Oedipus vows to discover Laius murderer, unaware that Laius was his father and that he himself is guilty of patricide. Whatever the precise nature of the incongruity involved in situational irony, verbal and situational irony loosely share a conceptual core of incongruity, often tending toward polar opposition, between two elements, such as a semblance of things and reality.Dramatic irony may be further distinguished as a type of situational irony; it is simply when situational irony occurs in a drama. The incongruity is between what a dramatic character says, believes, or does and how unbeknownst to that character, the dramatic reality is. The example in the preceding paragraph is, then, specifically of dramatic irony.(David Wolfsdorf, Trials of Reason: Plato and the Crafting of Philosophy. Oxfor d University  Press, 2008)A Wimbledon commentator may say, Ironically, it was the year he was given a wild-card entry, and not as a seeded player, that the Croatian won the title. The irony here refers, like linguistic irony, to a doubleness of sense or meaning. It is as though there is the course of events or human intentions, involving our awarding of rankings and expectations, that exists alongside another order of fate beyond our predictions. This is an irony of situation, or an irony of existence.(Claire Colebrook, Irony. Routledge, 2004) The Lighter Side of Situational Irony Sheldon: So this is how it ends: with cruel irony. Just as I make the commitment to preserving my body, I am betrayed by my appendix, a vestigial organ. Do you know the original purpose of the appendix, Leonard? Leonard: No. Sheldon: I do, and yet I am doomed while you live on. Leonard: Funny how things work out, isnt it?(Jim Parsons and Johnny Galecki in The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification. The Big Bang Theory, 2010)

Spanish Food Essay - 889 Words

Spain, the third largest country in Europe, has a strong history and diverse culture dating back to when the Iberians first inhabited the land. The country lies between the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean and the land ranges from mountains to meadows. Over hundreds of centuries, many different civilizations have inhabited the land influencing the people there today. From the Visigoths and Celts to the Romans of the Middle Ages, Spain has received a rich history and background. One of the strongest of its cultures is the food. All of these cultures brought a particular type of food and combined and blended with the food that exists there today. Spain is very popular for olives, vineyards, and citrus fruit. Another well-liked food is†¦show more content†¦Jamon Serrano is a type of ham that is eaten throughout Spain in bars as well as restaurants. The ham dangles from the ceiling with its feet and head still attached. There is typically a container used to collect the juic es that drip from the ham. Using a flexible and sharp knife, the ham is placed onto a clamp and cut into very thin pieces. Spain is the world leader in air-dried ham production, making roughly 190,000 tons per year. The hams spend at least three months in the mountain air and are subject to a period of time in salt. The hams are most popularly eaten with bread and a glass of red wine. Sangria, which has grown to be a world-famous drink, is a type of alcoholic punch made from wine, brandy, and mixed fruits. Served in virtually every bar and restaurant in Spain, it is normal for Sangria to have its own homemade recipe at every venue. Some choose to make Sangria with white wine instead of read. This type of drink is called Sangria Blanco, or White Sangria. Mixing together wine, fruit juices, soda water, brandy, and chilling it overnight, is the typical recipe for classic Sangria. Paella, consisting of yellow rice, vegetables, seafood, and the popular saffron, is an extremely popular dish in Spain. Almost every village has its own version of paella, each variety a slight variation of the common â€Å"Paella Mixta† or Mixed Paella. The name of the dish originates from the pan used to prepareShow MoreRelatedThe Languages and Cuisine of Mexico Essays863 Words   |  4 Pagesthe overwhelming majority of Mexicans today speak Spanish making it the largest Spanish speaking population in the world there is no single official national language of Mexico. The colonizers of Mexico forced the Spanish language on the natives, but in the 1990s the government recognized 62 indigenous Amerindian languages, including Aztec, or Nahuatl, and the Mayan family of languages, as national languages. About 6 % of the population is non-Spanish speaking, and some indigenous Mexican words haveRead MoreSpain And South Korea s Food Culture1470 Words   |  6 PagesAlso known as S pain s food is very intense and flavorful. In fact, in a previous block, I wrote an essay about compared with Spain and South Korea s food culture. Food of Spain and Korea deal in common. Both countries have love of the spicy foods, and rice is a main ingredient. So Korean food is often popular in Spain and also, South Koreans are also very fond of Spanish food. Actually, I recently worked in a Spanish cuisine restaurant in Takapuna. I feel like that Spanish food has so fast cookingRead MoreLatin American Music And Its Impact On America915 Words   |  4 Pageshelped build this country since their cultures have been adopted in this country and them also apport help to this country. 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Puerto Rico cooking is somewhat similar to both Spanish and other Hispanic cuisines. It’s is a unique blend of influences. In Puerto Rico they cook rice with beans as a weekly menu. Traditional foods remind us of who we are,Read MoreWhat I Have Chosen The Country Spain1180 Words   |  5 PagesAlso known as Spain s food is very intense and flavorful. In fact, in a previous block, I wrote an essay about compared with Spain and South Korea s food culture. Food of Spain and Korea deal in common. Both countries have love of the spicy foods, and rice is a main ingredient. So Korean food is often popular in Spain and also, South Koreans are also very fond of Spanish food. Actually, I recently worked in a Spanish cuisine restaurant in Takapuna. 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The Costs of Congestion Free Essays

Costs are divided into private costs and cost to third parities. The cost to the third party is called an externality. Private costs are costs that are personal to a person or company and so an example of that would be fuelling an airplane with petrol. We will write a custom essay sample on The Costs of Congestion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Externalities occur when a person is doing something, but the full cost of doing the thing is not paid. An example of this is pollution, because no one actually pays for the damage caused. The most efficient outcome to society would be when marginal social cost and marginal social benefit equal each other. The externalities that are caused have to be the main problem. The environment is greatly damaged because of this. The more vehicles driven, the more the pollution caused. 44% of nitrogen oxide emissions in the UK come from cars. Cars also contribute to 24% of carbon dioxide emissions. Both nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide are big contributions to global warming. Because of global warming, the Earth’s average temperature rises which causes sea levels to also rise. Nitrogen oxide also harms the bodies respiratory and immune systems. Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the bloody and could prove to be fatal. The UK road traffic is responsible for 69% of Carbon monoxide emissions. Another externality that is less obvious is noise pollution. This occurs because of vehicles. It causes a lot of disturbance to people. There are very few places left in England where noise pollution doesn’t affect anyone in anyway. To reduce car congestion a number of ways have been developed to try and achieve the aim. ‘A new deal for transport’ was published which outlined policies to create a better public transport system. The increase use of public transport would mean that congestion would be cut enormously as cars won’t be in much usage. The congestion charge in London that was introduced last February was developed to try and cut the congestion problem in the centre of London. This would be effective as people could be put off with the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 charge and would rather use the public transport as it is cheaper. As this scheme is seen to be a long term success, other cities may well introduce them too. A criticism of the congestion in London however is that rich people would be able to pay and the people on lower incomes wouldn’t. Although the money gained from the charges would then be used to improve public transport. To carry on using cars and not polluting the environment would be impossible, unless you switch to cars that run on hydrogen. This would be more environmentaly friendly as they emit less pollution than petrol. However the downside of this is that in current times, these cars are very expensive. In the future we may be able to see more of these cars being manufactured and slowly replacing the petrol-run cars. How to cite The Costs of Congestion, Papers

The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War Essay Example

The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War Paper Historians are still today debating on what actually caused World War One. This is because the actual origin was a combination of many different factors. Short-term as well as long-term causes influenced the outfall of events, however some are more important than others. What is mainly agreed on1 is that Germany was the nation most to blame, however most of the more influential nations of Europe were somehow involved in the conflict. England, France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary didnt stumble into the war like Germany, but they all played an important role. Many historians have used the phrase stumbled into war to describe how Germany inevitably ended up in a total war against her neighboring countries. Unlike previous conflicts in history, more than two or three nations were involved, which is mainly due to the many alliances made in the years before. What makes it even more difficult to determine the origin of the war is that several non-human factors, like nationalism and imperialism, had key roles in developing the events that took place. The politicians and military leaders of the European nations were influenced by these ideas and therefore directed their nations almost inevitably into a major crisis, as it came out. This leads to the human factors of the war, like the arms race and the failure of diplomacy taking place during the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore I must stress that it was the combination of all these factors that eventually made this cataclysmic total war spread throughout Europe. The July Crisis as it later came known was the drop that made the glass flow over, but any other similar event could have had the same outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The relative importance of imperialism, the arms race and the failure of diplomacy in causing the First World War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The European powers were so tense and aggressive, and some even thought about revenge from previous wars2, or simply to expand their territory. In this essay I will evaluate the relative importance of imperialism, the arms race, and the failure of diplomacy as origins for World War One. Appropriate events and theories have been taken as examples for each of these three categories, to compare the significance of each. 3 Body Imperialism During the industrialization of the 19th century, all great European powers consumed vast amounts of natural resources to supply the many factories emerging in the industries. However since these natural resources are limited in abundance within Europe, these overseas empires, as for example Britain, France, Spain, and later Germany, sought beyond towards other continents in search for colonies. The colonies then provided their mother country with the natural resources needed in the rapidly spreading industrialization. In Germany this development was known as Weltpolitik4 and later became the term used to describe the overseas expansionism that European leaders sought to achieve. These ideas became stronger in the 20th century and drove the European powers into several conflicts. Several times between 1898 and 1914 the economic rivalry in Africa between France and Great Britain, and between Germany on one side and France and Great Britain on the other, almost precipitated a European war. 5 Most significant were the conflicts in the Balkans between Russia, Austria-Hungary and the Balkan nations. Imperialist Austria-Hungary sought to influence the Balkan nations and annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 after thirty years of remote administration. But nationalistic movements in the Balkans led to two Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913. The first war was an uprising against Austria-Hungary, which was crushed. The Second Balkan War was fought between Bulgaria and most other Balkan nations. Although Bulgaria was overwhelmed and the war ended rapidly, no single nation was satisfied with the post war negotiations creating more tension. As an origin of World War One this is significant because the tension in the Balkans became crucial in the summer of 1914. When Crown Prince Ferdinand (heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne) was assassinated in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary was forced into war with Serbia. This clashed with Russian interests, and when Germany declared full support to Austria-Hungary6, it left Russia in a vulnerable situation, eventually having to mobilize herself. Therefore the imperialist desires of Austria-Hungary led the nation into serious conflicts in the Balkans, and eventually created the most important short-term cause for World War One. Therefore imperialism did have influence as an origin of war, as it became the mentality of the leaders of the European powers, and in this case forced Austria-Hungary and Russia into protecting national interests. Although imperialism itself was a long-term cause of war, it played a significant role in creating the short-term causes. It is agreed among historians that the importance of imperialism rested in the fact that it left the politicians fewer options to deal with regarding diplomacy. This conflict later became known as the July Crisis. 7 Arms Race Not only colonies measured the strength and prestige of European empires. The emerging industries of the 19th centuries provided the nations with significant armies and weapons of destruction. As imperialism became a significant part of the political agendas in the beginning of the 20th century, the great nations attempted to show their strength through developing great armies. With Germany becoming a significant power after 1872, the European balance of power was tipped off. This triggered an arms race between the leading nations, France, England, Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. With vast amounts of industries being brought in from colonies and produced within Europe, the countries were able to produce great amounts of war material. Especially the continental armies of Germany and Russia were competing in numbers. As Russia was becoming an industrial nation, it wouldnt take many years for her to surpass match the might of the German army (if not the superb efficiency and leadership). Therefore the German military leaders, under pressure from the Triple Entente8, had to calculate the risks of war. The conclusion came to be that if a war was to come between Germany and Russia, then rather sooner than later. 9 Germanys Weltpolitik aimed to turn Germany into an overseas empire. In order to achieve this Germany would need a considerable navy to compete with Britain. Combined with the economic pride of the German people, the German government embarked on the task to build a respectable navy. This would both help Germany defend overseas interests in for example Africa, and also as a defense against the mighty British navy in the North Sea. Hence a naval competition emerged between Britain and Germany. Admiral Fisher of the British Navy calculated in 1907 that it would take Germany several years to match the British fleet, especially considering the newly designed Dreadnought battleships. Truly, in 1914 Germany only had thirteen Dreadnoughts versus Britains twenty10. The consequence of this large-scale arms race was international anarchy in Europe. Calculating war risks and making alliances were becoming constantly discussed subjects in European governments. When five great nations all strive to create large armies, it is obvious that war will become inevitable sooner or later. In 1914 the short-term cause happened to be the July Crisis, but it could in theory have been any other critical occasion. Therefore it is important to observe the military tension developing between the nations, and the significance of diplomacy to balance the power. The diplomatic failures in the years leading to the Great War are therefore to be considered as well. Failure of Diplomacy As Germany was quickly becoming a very powerful force in the center of Europe, the surrounding nations were becoming doubtful of their national security. Therefore several military alliances were made between nations to contain rivals. The Triple Alliance of 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy was still in effect at the beginning of the 20th century. To counter-balance this, France and Russia made agreements in 1892-94 to support each other in the event of war. Strategically placed on both sides of Germany, Russia and France posed a threat to the German empire. In 1904 Britain and France make a military understanding known as the Entente Cordiale. This was another measure to protect overseas interests as well as a balance against Germany. To complete the containment of Germany, Russia and Britain make a similar agreement in 1907. Obviously this posed a serious threat to Germany, as she was not only threatened on two fronts, but also by the greatest navy in the world. This only encouraged Germany to continue the rapid production of military equipment, and to further enlarge the German Navy as well. Diplomacy also played an important role in the July Crisis of 1907. When Prince Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914, Germany immediately promised Austria-Hungary unconditional support. This furthermore threatened Russia, who would risk war with two nations on her front in a worse case scenario. Yet the conflict could have been settled with diplomacy at this point, but it failed terribly. In July 23 1914 Austria issued an ultimatum to Serbia, proposing to enter the nation with troops, to help investigate the assassination. Unfortunately Serbia was only granted 48 hours to reply to this proposal, which didnt seem in any way realistic. Having Austrian troops within Serbia would not end the domination that already existed, on the other hand it almost seemed like an invasion. So Serbia did not accept the proposal. This seems to be the main diplomatic failure of the July Crisis. It was for one thing a very short notice the Serbs were allowed to work with, another thing is that it was unacceptable. Serbia was forced to pick sides between Russia, a nation with strong interests in the Balkans, and the Austria-Hungary, with clashing ambitions. It therefore seems like Austria-Hungary almost provoked the war with Serbia, leading to war with Russia. Surely the Austrian diplomats did not strive to avoid it. 11 Now Germany didnt seem to want to solve the crisis, instead she mobilized her army, and thereby forced Russia into full-scale mobilization12. Germany knew that a war on two fronts was inevitable, and therefore created the Schlieffen Plan to counter it. This also shows how Germany was calculating risks, and had been doing so for years. It is therefore applicable to consider the statement that Germany stumbled into war. She did not try to avoid it by negotiating, but did the exact opposite, provoked it. Therefore the failure of diplomacy was a significant factor towards the cataclysmic event that was triggered in July 1914. However, the aggressive sentiments created by the arms race combined with expansionist ideas, left the politicians with very few possibilities in the time of crisis. Conclusion The three origins of war evaluated in this essay were not significantly different in importance. It was the combination of the several factors that pushed the different nations into war. The arms race created strong military tension; the many alliances pushed off the balance of power and further accelerated the arms race, and the imperialist ideas influenced the decision making of the military leaders in critical situations. The situation created in Europe was not to last for very long, and maybe was the only way to achieve a more stable balance between the great nations. One can question the fact if war could have been avoided, but it is very hard to determine as so many different factors influenced the course of events. Many historians actually believe that war is the ultimate test of mankind to lead the evolution of strong nations and end the reign of weaker ones. In some ways it makes sense considering that Austro-Hungarian Empire consequently came to an end, and many other changes could be seen on the European map after the Great War. Germany was forced down to her knees and lost much territory to France and Russia, however she managed to regain her strength in such a way that she eventually invaded most of Europe thirty years later. 13 Therefore the relative importance of the three evaluated origins is that they all combined and pushed the European powers into the cataclysmic war that defined the end of the Old World. 1